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Continental European Railway Operations

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Posted by Murphy Siding on Sunday, July 16, 2006 9:45 AM
     Are the railroads mostly kept within the borders of their own countries, or are they multi-national infrastrucures-like the way CN and CP operate in 2 countries?

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Posted by beaulieu on Sunday, July 16, 2006 2:09 PM
 Murphy Siding wrote:
     Are the railroads mostly kept within the borders of their own countries, or are they multi-national infrastrucures-like the way CN and CP operate in 2 countries?


Right now the situation is a bit like a patchwork quilt. In the old EU, basically everything west of the old "Iron Curtain" except Switzerland and Norway, all freight service is theoretically "Open". The Infrastructure is owned either by a separate company, a government agency, or at least a separate subsidiary of the national railway company.  As a practical matter Germany  and the UK have been completely open for freight since 1995, and the Netherlands two years later, Sweden became open about the same time. Switzerland is mostly open since 2003, only traffic that originates and terminates in Switzerland is protected. Austria is also open but I can't put a date to it. Italy became open in about 2002 also. The problem has been the countries that have put up roadblocks and are in between, especially France and Belgium, Luxembourg is an unknown, but with restriction in France and Belgium there is no reason to pass through Luxembourg. In France the Door has been open for a few years but SNCF Fret and their unions have been fighting a delaying action that has meant that there has been only very token operations in France other than by SNCF Fret. Spain and Portugal are also legally open but practically still closed. Belgium is slightly open, one open access operator is up and running and is an important player, a couple of other players have licenses to operate but haven't yet started in Belgium.
Here is the operating situation right now;
Germany National Railway (DB) operates freight as "Railion"
 Dutch National Railway (NS) sold its freight operation (NS Cargo) to Railion which operates it as        "Railion Nederland"
Danish National Railway (DSB) sold its freight operation (DSB Gods) to Railion which operates it as
       "Railion Danemark"
Swedish National Railway operates freight as "Green Cargo"
Norway National Railway (NSB) operates freight in a joint operation with Green Cargo as "CargoNet"
French National Railway (SNCF) operates freight as "SNCF Fret"
Belgium National Railway (SNCB/NMBS) operates freight as "B-Cargo"
Swiss National Railway (SBB) operates freight as "SBB Cargo" (SBBC)
Austrian National Railway (OeBB) operates freight as "Rail Cargo Austria"
Italian National Railways (FS) operates freight as "Trenitalia Global Logistics"
The biggest independents are
Rail4Chem (R4C) 
Hafen und Güterverkehr Köln (HGK)
TX Logistics (TXL)
Rail Traction Company (RTC)
Dillen and Le Jeune Cargo (DLC)
European Rail Shuttle (ERS)
BLS Cargo
Del Fungo Giera (DFG)
Crossrail
FN Cargo (now called I think "Nord Cargo")
Trenitalia has bought a controlling interest in TXL so it operates on Trenitalia's behalf in Germany

Germany
Railion, SBBC, HGK, R4C, RCA, TXL, DLC, ERS, RTC, and a whole lot of smaller companies.
Netherlands
Railion, HGK, R4C, DLC, ERS, plus Dutch independent ACTS.
Belgium
B-Cargo, Railion, DLC, R4C, ERS, SNCF Fret. except for DLC these are very short distance operations.
Switzerland
SBBC, Railion, BLS Cargo, R4C, TXL, Crossrail.
Austria
RCA, Railion, ERS, RTC, plus Austrian independent like LTE and WLB.
Italy
Trenitalia, Railion, SBBC, DFG, SNCF Fret, plus other Italian independents.
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Posted by beaulieu on Sunday, July 16, 2006 2:23 PM
I might add that some interesting new operators are getting into the business in the most "Open" countries.
The newest railway freight company in Sweden is (are you ready for this) the Swedish Highway Authority
"Vägverket" hauling containers of paper from a mill near Sundsvall to the port of Göteburg. They hired locomotives and railcars to haul road salt for their highways initially, then decided they need to keep the crews and locomotives employed all year-round.
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Posted by MStLfan on Sunday, July 16, 2006 3:49 PM

B cargo also operates in the Netherlands:

The Ford train (Mondeo's) from Genk in Belgium to Vlissingen Sloe.

The Volvo transit train from Almhult in Sweden at least from Bad Bentheim (border station in Germany on the line Hengelo - Rheine) to Antwerp via Roosendaal.

Terneuzen Dow via Gent and Antwerp in Belgium to Buna Werke in Germany.

Another new operator in the Netherlands is Veolia Cargo Nederland (formerly Connex Cargo). It has a contract to deliver each month 15-20 coal trains from EMO (a company transloading coal and ore from ship to rail and barge) on the Maasvlakte to Dortmund.

One curious operation is that by the small operator Bocholter Eisenbahn. It works for Railion and moves traffic from Emmerich (border station in Germany) to Arnhem. It is apparently too expensive for Railion Nederland to stop in Arnhem on the way from Rotterdam to Emmerich.

greetings,

Marc Immeker

Edit: the Terneuzen train has to run through Belgium as this part of the Netherlands is not connected to the rest of the country. It is in the extreme southwest of the country on the left or south bank of the river Westerschelde. The train itself runs through the rest of the Netherlands via Roosendaal and leaves, presumably, via Bad Bentheim.

 

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Posted by Simon Reed on Monday, July 17, 2006 3:03 PM

Last time I went to Terneuzen (admittedly it's 6 years ago) NS kept a few 2200's there. I'm not really surprised that the traffic has gone to B Cargo.

To revert to the subject of passport control my last European rail jaunt (November 2005) is quite instructive.

  1. Flew UK to Belgium so usual airport controls.
  2. Belgium - Luxembourg. No controls, but there never have been.
  3. Luxembourg - France. A walk - through passport check by French border guards.
  4. France - Switzerland. The customary fully armed patrol and bag check at Basle.
  5. Switzerland - Italy. No controls.
  6. Italy - Switzerland. Amusing! We took the bus from Domodossala to Iselle, which is at the Southern end of the Simplon Tunnel, to travel in the foot-passenger vehicle of a car train. The cars were checked - we were not!
  7. Switzerland - Germany. No controls.
  8. Germany - Belgium. No controls. 

Draw from this what you will....    

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Posted by beaulieu on Monday, July 17, 2006 11:11 PM
 marcimmeker wrote:

B cargo also operates in the Netherlands:

The Ford train (Mondeo's) from Genk in Belgium to Vlissingen Sloe.

The Volvo transit train from Almhult in Sweden at least from Bad Bentheim (border station in Germany on the line Hengelo - Rheine) to Antwerp via Roosendaal.

Terneuzen Dow via Gent and Antwerp in Belgium to Buna Werke in Germany.

Another new operator in the Netherlands is Veolia Cargo Nederland (formerly Connex Cargo). It has a contract to deliver each month 15-20 coal trains from EMO (a company transloading coal and ore from ship to rail and barge) on the Maasvlakte to Dortmund.

One curious operation is that by the small operator Bocholter Eisenbahn. It works for Railion and moves traffic from Emmerich (border station in Germany) to Arnhem. It is apparently too expensive for Railion Nederland to stop in Arnhem on the way from Rotterdam to Emmerich.

greetings,

Marc Immeker

Edit: the Terneuzen train has to run through Belgium as this part of the Netherlands is not connected to the rest of the country. It is in the extreme southwest of the country on the left or south bank of the river Westerschelde. The train itself runs through the rest of the Netherlands via Roosendaal and leaves, presumably, via Bad Bentheim.

 



No sign of a German license for B-Cargo yet so they must only operate to the border station.


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Posted by Poppa_Zit on Monday, July 17, 2006 11:31 PM
 Murphy Siding wrote:

 Hugh Jampton wrote:
 Murphy Siding wrote:
     Is there a *standard* language used in train operation on the continent?


Each country uses it's local profanities.

     I'm sure some profanities are universal. Laugh [(-D]

I believe some hand-signal profanities are international. Smile,Wink, & Grin [swg]

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Posted by Poppa_Zit on Monday, July 17, 2006 11:36 PM

Okay, here's something I've always wondered. A large percentage of Euro steam locomotives in pictures I've seen do not have headlights.

Did they not run at dark/night, or did they run in the dark with no headlamp? Or were they called "torches?"

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Posted by owlsroost on Tuesday, July 18, 2006 3:30 AM

Yes, of course they ran at night - in simple terms the rails guide the train and the signals are illuminated so why do you need a headlight ?Smile [:)]

Not sure about other European countries, but in the UK we didn't have headlights generally on trains until the 1970's - just white marker lights, other than a on a few trains which ran on more remote branch lines in Scotland and Wales. I believe the main reason for fitting them at that time was to make trains more visible in daylight for people working on the track, rather than night time use.

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Posted by Simon Reed on Tuesday, July 18, 2006 1:59 PM

There are two answers to this.

European railroads tend to be fenced off - indeed, the law in the UK states that railway property must be adequately fenced - so there is'nt as much of an issue for crews needing to see that the road ahead is clear of livestock etc..

I think that some Scandinavian steam had headlights, presumably to spot moose.

The second answer is that the headlight on modern traction is largely to make oncoming trains more visible to MOW personnel. This was'nt an issue in steam days as, even when coasting, a steam loco on jointed track is a noisy old beast!  

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Posted by Poppa_Zit on Tuesday, July 18, 2006 2:19 PM

Wow! Running "blind" at night at speed! I cannot begin to imagine how scary that would be for those of us used to seeing where we are going.

Thanks,

Pop Z

  

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Posted by Simon Reed on Wednesday, July 19, 2006 6:31 PM

Why is that scary?

When you train as a driver (engineer) you learn the road, to the point where you know every wrinkle.

At night you should, therefore, know where you are by either elapsed time or what you see outside.

I'm not sure where you live, Poppa, but it's never truly dark. In populated areas there's always a sodium glow. In rural areas, on a cloudy night, it's amazing how quickly the human eye adapts to conditions.

Anyway - if you're on a steamer, and you know roughly where you are, what do you need to see??    

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Posted by Tulyar15 on Thursday, July 20, 2006 1:38 AM
In any case, you'd be suprised how much light a full moon gives. Dont forget it's enough  to cast shadows.
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Posted by Murphy Siding on Monday, July 24, 2006 5:58 PM
 Poppa_Zit wrote:

Wow! Running "blind" at night at speed! I cannot begin to imagine how scary that would be for those of us used to seeing where we are going.

Thanks,

Pop Z

  

     I take it that there are not as many grade crossings in Europe, as we are used to over here?

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Posted by Hugh Jampton on Tuesday, July 25, 2006 5:29 AM
 Murphy Siding wrote:
 Poppa_Zit wrote:

Wow! Running "blind" at night at speed! I cannot begin to imagine how scary that would be for those of us used to seeing where we are going.

Thanks,

Pop Z

  

     I take it that there are not as many grade crossings in Europe, as we are used to over here?



No, there aren't nearly as many crossings as there are in teh states, plus, there are very few crossings that only have crossbucks (well, the UK equivalent thereof). If you want numbers I can say that in the UK there are 7684 (RSSB), most of these are user worked crossings that have telephones for the user to contact the signaller (although this rarely happens). Last I heard there were about 250,000 crossings in the US (a lot of these are private crossings with no more protection than a set of crossbucks).
There are more and less crossings in Europe than in the UK, France has around 17,000, Germany around 27,000, Belgium and the Netherlands have only 2,100 and 3,000 respectively.
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Posted by Anonymous on Tuesday, July 25, 2006 5:20 PM

Lets face it - if you're doing  fair speed at night and you're close enough to see something then you've already hit it. Remember that the majority of Europe is fully signalled with regular checks on train integrity from either track circuiting or visual  inspection of the tail lamp by the signalman who could not give train out of section without seeing and recording the fact.

Cornfield meets were rare in the extreme compared to the potential in dark territory. I find running to train orders far scarier as a concept than the lack of a headlight

 

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Posted by Anonymous on Tuesday, July 25, 2006 5:31 PM
I think the place to look for the best answers might be yahoo groups european rail........its a finance group.
http://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/europeanrail/

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Posted by mustanggt on Wednesday, July 26, 2006 2:21 AM

Okay, here's one. Why does most non-North American equipment have buffers? This is something that has baffled me since I was a little kid, watching Thomas the tank engine...............

Dave

 

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Posted by Hugh Jampton on Wednesday, July 26, 2006 3:36 AM
 mustanggt wrote:

Okay, here's one. Why does most non-North American equipment have buffers? This is something that has baffled me since I was a little kid, watching Thomas the tank engine...............

Dave



Slack runs out,, slack runs in.

In North America the knuckle coupler is attached to a hefty drawbar that is able to withstand slack action in both directions.

In Europe the hook and shackle coupler (little more than a bit of chain) can only withstand the slack running out. The buffers stop the ends of the cars crashing into each other when the slack runs in is the simple answer.
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Posted by Simon Reed on Friday, July 28, 2006 9:33 AM

I've just got my July Trains magazine.

Don Phillips suggests that European freight operations are inefficient and labour intensive in comparison to the North American model.

I'd disagree. How can a freight travelling at maybe 25MPH on a secondary route with three or four crew members aboard be more efficient than a single manned 75MPH freight?

I accept that European railroads can't move 100+ unit coal or intermodal trains but in cost per mile terms which is the more efficient?

I'm asking this from a European perspective - any offers?

Possibly this is a question that cannot be answered. Later in the same magazine I read that Ohio Central crews consider themselves lucky to know their assignments a week in advance...I'd imagine most Western European passenger and freight crews will have rosters up to three months in advance, indicative of the enormous divides between US and European railroading cultures.  

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Posted by Hugh Jampton on Friday, July 28, 2006 10:28 AM
 Simon Reed wrote:

I've just got my July Trains magazine.

Don Phillips suggests that European freight operations are inefficient and labour intensive in comparison to the North American model.

I'd disagree. How can a freight travelling at maybe 25MPH on a secondary route with three or four crew members aboard be more efficient than a single manned 75MPH freight?

I accept that European railroads can't move 100+ unit coal or intermodal trains but in cost per mile terms which is the more efficient?

I'm asking this from a European perspective - any offers?

Possibly this is a question that cannot be answered. Later in the same magazine I read that Ohio Central crews consider themselves lucky to know their assignments a week in advance...I'd imagine most Western European passenger and freight crews will have rosters up to three months in advance, indicative of the enormous divides between US and European railroading cultures.  



I disagree with your disagreement. Although I've not read the piece yet, and probably won't until I get to Derby next.

Firstly you're trying to compare the worst of the US with the best of Europe. Try comparing apples and apples.

Economies of scale do result in greater efficiencies. Take coal for example. 1 10,000 equivalent tonne coal train in the states with 2 crew (engineer and conductor is the standard US compliment these days). Depending on the route the train may have as little as 2 or 3 4400hp engines. How many trainloads would it take to move the same tonnage over here? (I estimate 3 or 4 based on the 750m maximum allowable train length and 72tonne capacity hoppers). So that's 3 or 4 drivers, plus 3 or 4 train paths and 3 or 4 locos. Do the math, US railroading does seem more efficient than European railwaying.
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Posted by Simon Reed on Friday, July 28, 2006 3:13 PM

And I disagree with...etc..

The Phillips article is a generalisation so I have also generalised.

I think we're all familiar with the concept of UP's triple track raceway across Nebraska and I'd completely agree that this diesel freight railroading at it's optimum, with uninterrupted high speed running over a well engineered level-ish route.

That, however, is very much an exception. 

Let's think about a unit coal train heading East from Powder River. UP and BNSF have the whole Powder River operation running quite nicely - see this months Railfan and Railroad. Once you're across Nebraska, however, both roads suffer a huge dwell time in Kansas City.

Dwell time is pretty much an unknown concept in Europe. It does exist, but is managed.

East of KC the comparison is no longer viable, primarily because you're on single track routes. I've often wondered how much of a US crew's 12 hours is tied up waiting for meets. You're also climbing, so will maybe need 4 locos.

As I say, the Europe/US comparison is'nt valid but how cost effective is 2 men and 4 locos doing maybe 100 miles in 12 hours?         

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Posted by martin.knoepfel on Friday, July 28, 2006 4:42 PM
The different European countries have different signalling-systems, although some countries share the same system (Belgium and France, for example). Equipping a locomotive for two or three signalling-systems is far more expensive than adding a pantograph. The ETCS is not yet standard on all mainlines in the European Union.
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Posted by Hugh Jampton on Saturday, July 29, 2006 10:37 AM
 Simon Reed wrote:

And I disagree with...etc..

The Phillips article is a generalisation so I have also generalised.

I think we're all familiar with the concept of UP's triple track raceway across Nebraska and I'd completely agree that this diesel freight railroading at it's optimum, with uninterrupted high speed running over a well engineered level-ish route.

That, however, is very much an exception. 

Let's think about a unit coal train heading East from Powder River. UP and BNSF have the whole Powder River operation running quite nicely - see this months Railfan and Railroad. Once you're across Nebraska, however, both roads suffer a huge dwell time in Kansas City.

Dwell time is pretty much an unknown concept in Europe. It does exist, but is managed.

East of KC the comparison is no longer viable, primarily because you're on single track routes. I've often wondered how much of a US crew's 12 hours is tied up waiting for meets. You're also climbing, so will maybe need 4 locos.

As I say, the Europe/US comparison is'nt valid but how cost effective is 2 men and 4 locos doing maybe 100 miles in 12 hours?         



and I,, oh forget it...

It's easier to work out the various efficiencies (I'm but a simple engineer, % efficiency is work out / work in * 100, but my economist friends can work out efficiency a hundred different ways) for the American railroads as they're mostly freight. This report from the University of Minnisota is quite comprehensive on the American side. http://www.trb.org/conferences/railworkshop/background-McCullough.pdf
The difficulty is that Europe is a much more mixed traffic affair, and I'm sure to try and work out tonne km / employee would probably never give an accurate answer (e.g. signallers and track maintenance people who don't work directly for the freight operator). RRUK have looked at efficieny of route usage and show that the US is 3.4 times more efficient than the UK. http://portal.railresearch.org.uk/RRUK/Shared%20Documents/BENCHMARKING2.pdf
The comparison table is at the bottom of page 2 and compares a number of countries.
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Posted by Murphy Siding on Saturday, July 29, 2006 11:01 AM
     Is all European rail traffic predominately centered on passenger traffic?

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Posted by TH&B on Saturday, July 29, 2006 12:12 PM

You can't just measure efficiency of a railroad just by crew sizes and traffic density. European freights often have only one crew member but cannot do any work on route exerpt at manned stations. European stations have more personel compared to the USA. Station personel are used for set offs and swicthing. A line with only one large train a day is better off with a full crew of say 3 men then keeping station staff around to help several small freights, it can easily end up using more labour to handle the same tonnage. I've seen Euro stations where a crew of 3 don't have much to do because only one freight sets off and lifts in each direction often only 3 or 4 two axle cars with 30 ton grain loads. More recently another freight comes by 3 times a week just to run around it's train with the engine and go the other way because there is no more train personel at a junction down the line where it sould realy be turning. 

US railroads adjust their freight trains more to customer demand compared to many Euro freight trains wich often are very compromised to fit between passenger scheduals. US trains only handle freight that is profitable to handle and just turns down other traffic that is less profitable or non profitable.

Also if you think about ot why should there be two buffers at the end of each car? one buffer to the right on all equipement would accomplish the same for half the amount of buffers. Some permanemtly coupled cars are like this. Buffers are used in Europe but not in Russia (a huge rail network) and not in Japan or large parts of Austaria and Africa.I'd say most trains in the world do not use buffers .

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Posted by beaulieu on Saturday, July 29, 2006 12:29 PM
 Murphy Siding wrote:
     Is all European rail traffic predominately centered on passenger traffic?


The UIC (The International Union of Railways), the global organization representing railways (The AAR represents US railways in this organization), considers the Ukraine in Europe but not Russia. Latvia, Estonia, and the Ukraine among European countries are more dominated by the freight side of the business. The Scandinavian countries and Poland can be considered as balanced. I don't know enough about Lithuania to say about them. The Balkan countries, Romania, and Bulgaria are problably balanced as well.
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Posted by beaulieu on Saturday, July 29, 2006 12:39 PM
 Hugh Jampton wrote:

and I,, oh forget it...

It's easier to work out the various efficiencies (I'm but a simple engineer, % efficiency is work out / work in * 100, but my economist friends can work out efficiency a hundred different ways) for the American railroads as they're mostly freight. This report from the University of Minnisota is quite comprehensive on the American side. http://www.trb.org/conferences/railworkshop/background-McCullough.pdf
The difficulty is that Europe is a much more mixed traffic affair, and I'm sure to try and work out tonne km / employee would probably never give an accurate answer (e.g. signallers and track maintenance people who don't work directly for the freight operator). RRUK have looked at efficieny of route usage and show that the US is 3.4 times more efficient than the UK. http://portal.railresearch.org.uk/RRUK/Shared%20Documents/BENCHMARKING2.pdf
The comparison table is at the bottom of page 2 and compares a number of countries.


Interesting couple of reports that I hadn't read yet, thanks Hugh. One question I have about the first report, near the end the table on fuel consumption per T/mi drops and he ponders that without dicussing why it happened, I am pretty sure I know why it happened and I am dissapointed that he doesn't seem to know what happened. Anybody else care to guess? The answer later today.
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Posted by beaulieu on Sunday, July 30, 2006 10:56 AM
 440cuin wrote:

You can't just measure efficiency of a railroad just by crew sizes and traffic density. European freights often have only one crew member but cannot do any work on route exerpt at manned stations. European stations have more personel compared to the USA. Station personel are used for set offs and swicthing. A line with only one large train a day is better off with a full crew of say 3 men then keeping station staff around to help several small freights, it can easily end up using more labour to handle the same tonnage. I've seen Euro stations where a crew of 3 don't have much to do because only one freight sets off and lifts in each direction often only 3 or 4 two axle cars with 30 ton grain loads. More recently another freight comes by 3 times a week just to run around it's train with the engine and go the other way because there is no more train personel at a junction down the line where it sould realy be turning.

Very true but those days are gradually coming to an end. Particularly in those countries with Open Access. You may be familiar with the German program called MORA-C which was a program by DB Cargo to reduce losses on single carload railfreight in the mid -nineties. The government decided to reduce subsidies which raised losses at DB so they had to cut off the most expensive part of single car operations . They also have invested in improving their humpyards to more make them State of the Art for 2000, they are about halfway through the program of rebuilding their yards. Recently they began a new round of carload cutbacks. Open Access and the desire, and requirement to end subsidies is doing this. The Swiss who have a Railfreight marketshare similar to the US just went though a similar carload service cut back which they finished in April, 2006. Due to social concerns they don't tend to layoff employees like in the US. In the Swiss case there will be enough retirements to take care of the extra Employees, although there will need to be some shifting of where people work.


US railroads adjust their freight trains more to customer demand compared to many Euro freight trains wich often are very compromised to fit between passenger scheduals. US trains only handle freight that is profitable to handle and just turns down other traffic that is less profitable or non profitable.

Of course in Europe, the solution because the trains are smaller is to cutoff trains. Remember what you saw in the Eighties and early-Nineties in Europe no longer applies. Open Access in the central core of Europe has changed everything. The changes in France will be delayed, but should happen also.


Also if you think about ot why should there be two buffers at the end of each car? one buffer to the right on all equipement would accomplish the same for half the amount of buffers. Some permanemtly coupled cars are like this. Buffers are used in Europe but not in Russia (a huge rail network) and not in Japan or large parts of Austaria and Africa.I'd say most trains in the world do not use buffers .



I think you will see things change in the next few years as companies in Europe no longer need to be able to interchange cars. Each will then be able to go their own way, and the use of buffers will end. Already the heavy Iron Ore trains from Rotterdam to the Saar are equipped with autocouplers. Other trains like container trains will follow. Cars used in carload service will be last.
  • Member since
    December 2001
  • From: NW Wisconsin
  • 3,857 posts
Posted by beaulieu on Sunday, July 30, 2006 11:06 AM
The answer as to why freight ton miles per gallon of fuel used started dropping in 1998 is of course due to congestion caused by the railroad being full, we are so close to being at absolute capacity that we are operating at above the most efficient capacity. Sure the SP meltdown and the first UP meltdown happened before 1998, but it is only beginning in 1998 that the whole industry began experiencing problems.

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