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Why are Cowl Units Extinct?

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Why are Cowl Units Extinct?
Posted by BNSF4ever on Tuesday, April 18, 2006 11:57 AM
I'm not an expert but my understanding was that cowl units like the F45 were built to safely provide crew access to internal components in bad weather. That said, no new cowl units are produced. Are they no longer necessary with widecabs or modern electronics?
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Posted by chad thomas on Tuesday, April 18, 2006 12:04 PM
I would say it has to do with cost. It could also be a safety issue with crew members being exposed to things like crankcase explosions.

I really miss the Cowls on the Santa Fe. Out of the 5 SF locos in my fleet 3 are Cowls, 2 FP45s and a F45. I used to have a couple more F45s but they got painted for a freelance roadname and ended up staying on my dads layout.
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Posted by nanaimo73 on Tuesday, April 18, 2006 12:11 PM
CN and BCR had Cowl Dash 8-40CMs built in the 1990s. I think CN would have more built if not for the extra constuction costs.
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Posted by Anonymous on Tuesday, April 18, 2006 12:31 PM
QUOTE: Originally posted by BNSF4ever

I'm not an expert but my understanding was that cowl units like the F45 were built to safely provide crew access to internal components in bad weather. That said, no new cowl units are produced. Are they no longer necessary with widecabs or modern electronics?


They're aren't the Amtrak P40s, P42s and P38s are all full body units. The reason GM isn't making cowl units is because they've lost so much of the locomotive market to GE. Also, the last couple cowl GM models (with the expection of F40) had pretty had track records
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Posted by Anonymous on Tuesday, April 18, 2006 1:11 PM
Do the new Metra diesels qualify as "cowl" units? The hood is turning into a "nose," after all.

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Posted by nanaimo73 on Tuesday, April 18, 2006 1:12 PM
QUOTE: Originally posted by jdirelan

Also, the last couple cowl GM models (with the expection of F40) had pretty had track records.

CPs problems with the SD40-2F were with the 16-645E3M, not with the Cowl carbody. CN has not had any problems with their SD50F or SD60F that I have heard of.
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Posted by Anonymous on Tuesday, April 18, 2006 1:52 PM
QUOTE: Originally posted by nanaimo73

QUOTE: Originally posted by jdirelan

Also, the last couple cowl GM models (with the expection of F40) had pretty had track records.

CPs problems with the SD40-2F were with the 16-645E3M, not with the Cowl carbody. CN has not had any problems with their SD50F or SD60F that I have heard of.



I was refering more to American Passenger models that preceded the F40.
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Posted by METRO on Tuesday, April 18, 2006 2:45 PM
CN and CP keep Draper Taper units for use in northern Canada. There, it's so cold that trainmen risk frostbite if they have to do anything to a hood unit en route. As such a special type of cowl with a tapering behind the cab to improve visiblity was developed. Currently there are dozens of these units in service and I'd bet that as they age CN and CP will commission or build new ones to replace them as the Canadian winters will still require them.

Once spring and summer come around however, the Draper Tapers roam system wide, in fact I saw a CN one still in Zebra Stripes last week Friday in Wauwatosa Wisconsin, when it was a beautiful 80 degrees out.

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Posted by PBenham on Tuesday, April 18, 2006 4:03 PM
The reason that the "classic" cowl units are "extinct" are that they were built over thirty years ago. But NYS&W F45 3636 is alive and well. The 20/645E3A is the culprit for the most part as it uses up fuel like there's no tomorrow! The U30CGs Santa Fe bought were retired after 15 years for the same reason most old GEs were retired, GE wanted them back as trade ins on new Dash8s. Amtrak's SDP40Fs had severe tracking problems at speeds over 65 that were not explained, since Amtrak decided to sell them off, or trade them in to EMD on F40PHs. The "Pooches" P30CHs, were subject to some of the same tracking problems as the SDP40Fs, but they had a niche (Auto-Train) and GE eventually gave Amtrak an unbeatable trade-in deal on them for B32-8Hs! As to the Canadian units with full width carbodies, the CP "Red Barns'"mechanical problems are behind them and they run just fine, and they will likely be around for a while. Now that I've said that CP will dump them, but CP's past history says that they will run until they drop. Their SD40s put in 30-36 years of capable service, and some 30+ year old SD40-2s are still out there, working. CN's Dash 8 40CFs (their own and BCRail's) will likely run for a while, too, but GE may make CN an offer on ES44DCs and that will be that. The Montreal/Bombardier HR616s were orphans and had no parts source willing to support them on a JIT basis, which CN insists upon.
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Posted by ddechamp71 on Wednesday, April 19, 2006 10:25 AM
As far as I know the cowl unit concept is no more used on railroads because their lack of ability to perform switching operations. When the crew is running backwards to couple cars he hasn't a direct view on what he's working.

That's why the roadswitcher concept that has appeared 60 years or so ago with the GP7/9 is now universal.

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Posted by edbenton on Wednesday, April 19, 2006 11:47 AM
Actually everyone is missing the reason of the demise of the SDP40F the reson they had trouble holding the rail was simple. They were designed like everything else owned by the goverment by commitee. EMD said look we know what we are doing when it comes to the design of this style of engine putting the water tank in the body is a bad idea. The water tank of the SDP40F was 2000 gallons and was mounted ahead of the boilers. I am sorry but once you get that tank half empty you are going to get 8000 lbs of slosh force hitting the sides. How are the engines supposed to stay on teh rails when 8K is hitting the sides.
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Posted by CSSHEGEWISCH on Wednesday, April 19, 2006 12:28 PM
The Genesis locomotives are not really cowl units but are closer in concept to the original carbody design of E's, F's, FA's, PA's, etc. The entire carbody is the basis of the frame and is a beefed-up monocoque (unibody) which carries the weight.
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Posted by BNSF4ever on Wednesday, April 19, 2006 12:33 PM
On a side note, the demise of the SDP40F is curious. Some authors claim the water tank was to blame. Some claim the trucks. Some claim that the FRA and railroads never could come to a satisfactory conclusion. It seems when I followed trains a child, the issue was pretty much resolved but 20 years later, it seems it's more a mystery than ever.
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Posted by chad thomas on Wednesday, April 19, 2006 1:19 PM
The ones that were traded to the Santa Fe did fine in freight service. They also did well as Amtrak units on Santa Fe rails. But on rough trak the water sloshing around seems to be the cause.
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Posted by dharmon on Wednesday, April 19, 2006 7:22 PM
QUOTE: Originally posted by chad thomas

The ones that were traded to the Santa Fe did fine in freight service. They also did well as Amtrak units on Santa Fe rails. But on rough trak the water sloshing around seems to be the cause.


The SDP40s that ATSF took in trade, IIRC were re-trucked with standard
HTCs shortly afterwards. They also had ballast added where the steam generators and water tanks were located.

SDP40Fs are one of my favorite locos...

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Posted by trainfan1221 on Wednesday, April 19, 2006 7:28 PM
If we take cowl to basically refer to full bodied units, then NJTransit just got a whole bunch of them. So at least for now they are alive and well.
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Posted by stmtrolleyguy on Wednesday, April 19, 2006 8:50 PM
Going back to the original, general question :

1. The cowl allowed the crew to service the engine inside in the cold. However, would you really want to be inside next to one of those engines at run 8, or even just walk by it? I"m not sure I would.

2. Often the cab seal was worn down, so the "aroma" inside the engine compartment drifted into the cab. Some might say this is a nice added touch, more of a feeling of being one with the engine, but I'm sure it gets old after about 15 minutes.

3. As mentioned earlier, there is no visibility while going backwards for switching moves. On some units, there was a smaller area for crews to board the locomotive.

4. If the engine dies, you're possibly trying to fix it in the dark, inside the cowl.

5. I'd imagine that it would be more work to get a major part out of the cowl - if it doesn't fit through the service door, part of the cowl has to come off.
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Posted by Paul Milenkovic on Wednesday, April 19, 2006 9:14 PM
I am wondering about maintenance was done on an F or and E unit. The hood units have these service doors, and I have seen pictures of change outs of power assemblies (I am assuming they open a crankcase hatch to unbolt a connecting rod, and then they change out the cylinder liner, piston with rings, and connecting rod -- a power assembly -- as a unit). I have seen that they don't wrestle this by hand, they have a kind of crane to help.

I also read recently that the Genesis units have to be partially dismantled to do such engine work and then welded back together when they are done as part of major overhauls where they change out all of the power assemblies. Isn't this back to the days of the Fairbanks Morse OP engine where you needed to lift the top off the engine to get at the cylinders? How did power assembly change outs work on the E and F?

If GM "killed the electric car", what am I doing standing next to an EV-1, a half a block from the WSOR tracks?

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Posted by kenneo on Thursday, April 20, 2006 2:28 AM
On EMD's Covered Wagons, ALCO's P's and F's, and, I think, all or most of the other builders units, the roof was lifted off by the roundhouse traveling crane and then whatever was needed to be put in or taken out was lifted out through the missing roof area. If you look at detailed models of E's and F's, for example, you will see lift rings all around a bolted on roof panel.
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Posted by Anonymous on Thursday, April 20, 2006 8:59 AM
Kenneo is correct. They are restoring the guts of an E8 at the museum in Duluth, Georgia. There is not a lot of room inside the engine room to move large parts around- so the roof comes off. You can also check out Doyle McCormack's website at www.nkp190.com to get a great idea of the joys of restoring and maintaining an old covered wagon.

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Posted by CSSHEGEWISCH on Thursday, April 20, 2006 10:13 AM
Hood and cowl units both demonstrate a major advantage over carbody types in that the frame carries the weight and the hood or cowl can be removed to provide access and elbowroom for maintennance. Structurally, an F45 and SD45 are virtually identical, the sheetmetal is about the only real difference.
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Posted by bnsfkline on Thursday, April 20, 2006 11:29 AM
If I am not mistake, Cowl units are still being produced, I.E. MP36-3 (?) and untill just recently, the P42-9's and F59PHI. I belive these would count as Cowl units, even though they were purchased for the sole use on Passenger trains. For frieght use, however, look at the previouis post, CP/CN/BCOL had C40-8 cowl units designated C40-8M, and CP Rail bought SD40-2F's in 1986, making them the last units built in the SD40 Series
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Posted by GoatBuddy on Monday, October 9, 2023 9:07 PM

edbenton
Actually everyone is missing the reason of the demise of the SDP40F the reson they had trouble holding the rail was simple. They were designed like everything else owned by the goverment by commitee. EMD said look we know what we are doing when it comes to the design of this style of engine putting the water tank in the body is a bad idea. The water tank of the SDP40F was 2000 gallons and was mounted ahead of the boilers. I am sorry but once you get that tank half empty you are going to get 8000 lbs of slosh force hitting the sides. How are the engines supposed to stay on teh rails when 8K is hitting the sides.
 

Hey, slow down with all typical government hate stuff! Amtrak is a corporation like any other, and believe it or not, I have seen "committee-think" blossom and doing its worst in private corporations! But "committee-think" was not an Amtrak problem for the SDP40F. They went to GM's Electro Motive Division, and asked for a strong long haul locomotive. THIS is where committee think came in, as EMD, a private corporation, decided a sloppily modified freight locomotive would do the trick!

Next: The SDP40F was needed for long distance travel, with the F40PH designated for short hauls, so the SDP40F hang-belly fuel tanks had to be max capacity. Since there was no immediate budget to replace the handed down passenger car fleet steam heaters or get new cars, heating by steam was also needed. The only place to put the water-tanks was hence in the body. This was simply bad engineering by EMD, because they could have and should have built compartmentalised tanks with multiple cells, as had been long standing practice with aeroplanes, and even before that with steam engines, which was at the time 150 year old known technology! Railroads in USA are run by business people, not engineers, so they relied on EMD to deliver a locomotive that would stay on the tracks.

EMD, a gloriously private corporation, NOT government, bungled it, end of story.

In the end, the SDP40F did serve for well over a decade, and there are oodles of images with them being lead by F40PH for headend power, so running full speed without any need to fill the troublesome tanks. These runs with one or two SDP40F coupled to an F40PH were known as fast haulers, and the SDP4F had a reputation as a fast haul-a** machine!

BTW, not all the water was in the body, as the hangbelly tanks were split between diesel and water! The belly had 2,150 US gallons (8,138.6 L; 1,790.2 imp gal) of water!
The upper tanks had a capacity of 1,350-US-gallons (5,110.3 L; 1,124.1 imp gal), which still makes for over 5 tons of a liquid in a badly designed tank, free to slosh around. As already mentioned, this had long been solved for aeroplanes, otherwise they'd be dropping out of the sky like bricks, with the wing-tanks getting out whack and sloshing a few tons of fuel left or right, for a catastrophic ballast shift nobody and nothing can compensate!
Even before aeroplanes, water tanks of steam engines, a 150 year old technology at the time, were baffled to control waterflow and keep it from sloshing around. There was zero excuse for the tank design failure!

Nope, it was simple engineering and quality control incompetence, not "government", which caused this failure.
Something must have gone wrong in EMD's corporate culture (which was a General Motors subsidiary), because they went from the world's biggest locomtive makers to "me-too", left behind by GE. It was likely the same systemic rot, that affected Detroit's cars and trucks so very badly from the late 60s on and most definitely in the 70s and 80s!

Ever own or knew somebody with a 70s GM car? They opened the door wide for imports, and once customers saw Japanese cars, they bought them, instead of Detroit cars. EMD was a Detroit subsidiary, a private GM company!

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Posted by azrail on Tuesday, October 10, 2023 1:04 PM

edbenton
Actually everyone is missing the reason of the demise of the SDP40F the reson they had trouble holding the rail was simple. They were designed like everything else owned by the goverment by commitee. EMD said look we know what we are doing when it comes to the design of this style of engine putting the water tank in the body is a bad idea. The water tank of the SDP40F was 2000 gallons and was mounted ahead of the boilers. I am sorry but once you get that tank half empty you are going to get 8000 lbs of slosh force hitting the sides. How are the engines supposed to stay on teh rails when 8K is hitting the sides.
 

Why didn't they put baffles in the water tanks..as is done with large fuel tanks? And the Amtrak SDPs were based on the Santa Fe FP45s, weren't they?

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Posted by CMStPnP on Tuesday, October 10, 2023 1:46 PM

GoatBuddy
Something must have gone wrong in EMD's corporate culture (which was a General Motors subsidiary), because they went from the world's biggest locomtive makers to "me-too", left behind by GE

I can add something to this since I was working in support of GM Executives 1991.    They wanted to sell EMD as early as I started working there 1991.    Then BN stepped forward with a big locomotive order for hauling coal primarily and GM decided to keep EMD around for a while longer for the skim.    Prior to my arrival in 1991, EMD knew GM wanted to sell them for cash though.    I remember an EMD guy giving one of the people I worked with a small stack of builder photos to pass onto me because he was told I liked trains.    I never kept them because they were run of the mill freight diesels and still are (no real interest here).    Color photo of the BN unit though........they were very happy at that large order to prove their worth to the GM HQ.    It is what saved them from being sold in 1991-1992.    GM viewed all ancillary business outside of car manufacture as cash cows and would skim from them to support car manufacture.    Never once heard of GM HQ investing any real money in non-car manufacture business to keep them going or for that matter never saw any real cost vs benefit analysis done at HQ before the decisions to sell or retain ancillary businesses (my guess is that was mostly seat of the pants decisions).    

That was a lot bigger GM back then with EMD in the family of GM Companies.   After all the years of self liquidation and down sizing, predictably GM went bankrupt in 2008 and will probably do so again in the future.    You could see GM was headed for serious trouble in 1991 and most of the staff in HQ knew it.    Took 17-18 years to get there though with all the asset sales and cost cutting GM did piece meal.

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Posted by bogie_engineer on Wednesday, October 11, 2023 10:18 AM

azrail

  

Why didn't they put baffles in the water tanks..as is done with large fuel tanks? And the Amtrak SDPs were based on the Santa Fe FP45s, weren't they?

 

Is there documentation to confirm there were no baffles in the water tank?

Where is the FRA/AAR report that confirms water sloshing was the cause of the derailments?

I know a lot of smart people at EMD, FRA, and AAR spent several years doing analysis and testing to determine the cause of the derailments and to my knowledge they never developed a proven theory.

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Posted by Erik_Mag on Wednesday, October 11, 2023 9:36 PM

bogie_engineer

I know a lot of smart people at EMD, FRA, and AAR spent several years doing analysis and testing to determine the cause of the derailments and to my knowledge they never developed a proven theory.

I remember comments from the late 1970's that the derailments typically happened on roads that were know for scrimping on track maintenance.

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Posted by Overmod on Thursday, October 12, 2023 8:33 AM

As I remember the dominant 'theory' in the 1970s, the "cause" was interaction between the high CG of the slosh action in the tanks and the lateral characteristics of the truck secondary suspension.  Probably a resonance effect at some 'critical speed'.

There was a collateral issue with ride quality, perhaps more with primary than secondary suspension action, with the SDP40Fs, culminating in one report I heard second- or third-hand about an engineer breaking his coccyx on the seat (not at all funny) which simply shouldn't happen on a passenger locomotive.  I think Mr. Goding has discussed some of the issues with the truck design (I wish I could recall the precise technical elements that were 'lacking' but dimly remember them as involved with lighter unsprung mass) and what was done to remediate that part of the concern.

"Baffles" in the tank wouldn't help much; the lateral free-surface area and hence achievable 'fetch' across the tank, which are the things that would matter in the alleged derailment forces, are not very great in the tank as configured, and it wouldn't be likely that this would be seen as an immediate cause.   

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Posted by bogie_engineer on Thursday, October 12, 2023 9:38 AM

Erik_Mag

 

I remember comments from the late 1970's that the derailments typically happened on roads that were know for scrimping on track maintenance.

 

As I recall, there were no derailments on the Santa Fe which ran them faster than anyone. 

We had a baggage car in our engineering "East room" where we did buff tests and dynamic characterization testing using MTS actuators to excite the modal responses. I know there was suspicion that dynamic interaction between the lightweight adjacent baggage car and SDP40F contributed to the derailments. I know we found several maintenance issues with the trucks on the baggage car but don't believe a link was proven with the derailments. At the time of the derailments, I was the noise control engineer and had no direct involvement with the derailment work but was an interested bystander.

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Posted by timz on Thursday, October 12, 2023 10:28 AM

bogie_engineer
As I recall, there were no [SDP40F] derailments on the Santa Fe which ran them faster than anyone.

FWIW, when Amtrak set the 50-mph-on-two-degree-curves limit in January 1977, SFe gave its crews a note saying the slowdown was Amtrak's rule, not theirs. (If anyone doesn't believe that, I might be able to find that piece of paper.)

But years before, SFe did have some sort of trouble with U28CGs and/or U30CGs. Wonder if that had anything to do with water -- didn't DOT run its U30C at 120 mph on SFe around 1974?

(Found the report -- Trains 4/74 p12 says in Oct 1973 DOT's U30C did 122 mph with four cars west of La Junta.)

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