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Automatic Freight Trains Save Labor

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Posted by Euclid on Saturday, December 14, 2019 12:49 PM

BaltACD

What 'management' wants is a 1 button operation.  Press the button and it prints money, without any human intervention at ANY level.  This applies to all forms of 'production, transportation, distribution'.

 

I think that is what every private company wants.  They may never achieve it, but they all aspire to it.  Certainly railroad companies want this and they are very enthusiastic about the prospect of automation taking them in that direction.  Most Labor/management relationships in railroading are quite adversarial.  So when management looks for new opportunities that happen to require job reduction, it is not just for the motive of making more money by eliminating crews.  It is also for the motive of gaining general advantage in their larger, on-going adversarial relationship with the unions.  In my opinion, achieving that advantage is the greater allure of automatic freight trains.
 
In other words, reducing the workforce reduces the size of the adversary in a dispute that has no end.  So since the dispute has no end, there is at least some benefit in reducing the strength of your adversary in the dispute.  Automation at this present moment is the “perfect storm” of opportunity for railroad management.  
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Posted by Electroliner 1935 on Monday, December 9, 2019 3:45 PM

Did anyone determine if the signal in the GE video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieO29AmZ32Q) previously posted on this forum was an actual signal or an artistic liberty. I have never seen that aspect in any rule books I've seen and if valid, what is it's use and meaning?

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Posted by tree68 on Monday, December 9, 2019 3:39 PM

If anything can go wrong, it will, and at the worst possible time (Gumperson's Law).

https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/tesla-model-3-autopilot-crash-police-car/

 

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Posted by BaltACD on Monday, December 9, 2019 2:33 PM

What 'management' wants is a 1 button operation.  Press the button and it prints money, without any human intervention at ANY level.  This applies to all forms of 'production, transportation, distribution'.

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Posted by Euclid on Monday, December 9, 2019 2:12 PM

One-person crews will be partly implemented as an intermediate stage leading to automatic trains.  Both changes are desired by management, but opposed by labor due to the fact that they eliminate jobs. 

 

However, the debate over both one-person crews and automatic trains will not be argued on the basis of job reduction, but rather on the bases of safety because safety carries more weight with public opinion, and that is what most influences the regulators.

 

With one-person crews, the safety argument will favor labor on the basis that two sets of eyes in the cab are safer than one set.  But with automatic trains, the safety argument will favor management on the basis that the issue of fatigue and operator error will be entirely eliminated.   

 

One primary advantage of automatic trains is that they can be implemented gradually starting with specially selected areas having the least complications.

 

In addition to management’s desire to advance automatic freight trains, there is also the lobbying force of the manufacturers and suppliers of equipment and technical expertise.  This force has a tremendous financial interest and influence on the implementation of automatic trains. 

 

The current trend of increasing freight train length to unprecedented levels (monster trains) is being driven only by saving crew costs by moving more tonnage with the same size crew. Just like their opposition to one person crews and automatic trains, Labor opposes this longer train trend because it causes a reduction of jobs.

 

However, although Management favors this trend for its reduction of crew costs, they recognize some of its disadvantages such as the greater time and space necessary for handling these ultra-long monster trains in yard/terminal trackage, longer delays resulting from break downs, and risks of damage or derailments due to higher in-train forces.   

 

Labor opposes the longer trains due to their greater chance of derailments caused by the greater in-train forces which poses a risk to public safety and crew safety.  Labor opposition avoids the issue of job reduction resulting from these ultra-long trains for the same reason they do not debate that issue with the dispute over one-person crews and automatic trains. 

 

Automatic trains will cancel the one advantage (labor saving) of monster trains because automatic trains require no crews.  Then as trains get shorter, their disadvantages such as delays and derailments are reduced. Thus, for maximum railroad fluidity, there will be a shift from monster trains to shorter trains running more frequently on closer headway. 

 

This opens the door to a truly new and revolutionary operating system in which PTC is blended into the automatic train technology, enabling short trains to operate fast and at close intervals. 

 

Then, the shorter trains in constant use may evolve away from loose-car railroading and toward smaller, articulated trainsets.  Upon reaching that point, ECP braking may be implemented on a per-train basis where it can provide performance advantage to one train without the need to convert the entire U.S. fleet of rolling stock to ECP brakes in a short time.  So then ECP could be implemented incrementally just like automatic trains. 

 

 

 

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Posted by Euclid on Monday, December 9, 2019 2:11 PM

Here is an article expressing the labor position of opposing automatic freight trains on the basis of safety.  He does also cite job loss as a reason to oppose automation. I would not conclude that this type of automation is entirely without risk, but this author seems to believe that any degree of risk means that automation development must stop. 

https://www.railwayage.com/cs/push-the-envelope-with-autonomous-freight-trains/

 

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Posted by BaltACD on Sunday, December 8, 2019 9:39 PM

jeffhergert
 
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zardoz

 jeffhergert

Then the one from GE.  Check out the signal about 36 seconds into it.     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieO29AmZ32Q
 

In my corner of the world, only one light can be lit on a signal head at a time.  With both lit up like that, to me, it's either a Stop or a Restricted Proceed indication.  It depends if it is an absolute, which I suspect it is, or a permissive (what is often called an "intermediate".) with a number plate.   

UPRR - General Code of Operating Rules 

9.4 - Improperly Displayed Signals or Absent Lights 

Except as shown in block, cab, and interlocking signal aspects in the special instructions, if a light is absent, a white light is displayed where a colored or lunar light should be, or additional colored or lunar lights are displayed, regard a block or interlocking signal as displaying the most restrictive indication it can give. However, when the semaphore arm position is plainly seen, that aspect will govern.
Jeff

Maybe GE/NS are trying to economize on the number of signal heads they install in their system and have a single head with multiple light positions display the required colors on each lamp position of the single head.

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Posted by jeffhergert on Sunday, December 8, 2019 9:08 PM

Lithonia Operator

 

 
zardoz

 jeffhergert

Then the one from GE.  Check out the signal about 36 seconds into it.     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieO29AmZ32Q
 

 

 

In my corner of the world, only one light can be lit on a signal head at a time.  With both lit up like that, to me, it's either a Stop or a Restricted Proceed indication.  It depends if it is an absolute, which I suspect it is, or a permissive (what is often called an "intermediate".) with a number plate.  

 

UPRR - General Code of Operating Rules

 

9.4 - Improperly Displayed Signals or Absent Lights

 

 

Except as shown in block, cab, and interlocking signal aspects in the special instructions, if a light is absent, a white light is displayed where a colored or lunar light should be, or additional colored or lunar lights are displayed, regard a block or interlocking signal as displaying the most restrictive indication it can give. However, when the semaphore arm position is plainly seen, that aspect will govern.
Jeff

 

 

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Posted by Overmod on Sunday, December 8, 2019 8:58 PM

It is extremely poor practice to put a green and a red in the same aspect.  It indicates that someone not particularly concerned either with safety or crew well-being is trying to 'overload' the aspect meaning for some route-related purpose, the problem being that the integrity of signaling either block occupancy or permission is essentially destroyed when it's done this way.

I almost always see nothing but combinations of yellow when there is a red in the aspect anywhere, eliminating any possibility of misinterpreting positional 'clear' with permissive 'clear'.  That applies whether or not the green is supposed to be flashing (which in NORAC implies a limited clear).

It is usual to see "green and red on the same post" in many places; the ex-Southern line out of Memphis uses two three-color aspects stacked vertically to denote which of the respective tracks at the end of a siding is lined.  But these are physically separate heads, not combined in one, and their meaning is unambiguous in that context.

 

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Posted by MMLDelete on Sunday, December 8, 2019 8:41 PM

zardoz

 jeffhergert

Then the one from GE.  Check out the signal about 36 seconds into it.     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieO29AmZ32Q
 

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Posted by Euclid on Sunday, December 8, 2019 7:44 PM

I do not believe the technical challenge to automated freight trains is nearly as daunting as the opposition movement contends. 

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Posted by BaltACD on Sunday, December 1, 2019 9:48 PM

zardoz
 
jeffhergert
Then the one from GE.  Check out the signal about 36 seconds into it.     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieO29AmZ32Q 

Very Christmassy, but not too confidence-building. 

Progress is always change, but change is not always progress.

Standard salesman 'pie in the sky'.  "We will solve all your problems, even if we don't understand what they are"

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Posted by zardoz on Sunday, December 1, 2019 9:20 PM

jeffhergert
Then the one from GE.  Check out the signal about 36 seconds into it.     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieO29AmZ32Q 

Very Christmassy, but not too confidence-building.

Progress is always change, but change is not always progress.

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Posted by charlie hebdo on Sunday, December 1, 2019 9:18 PM

Overmod

 

 
BaltACD
I have no idea how much effort either CSX or USS are using to make 'Automatic' to be workable software application.

 

As long as it is a deterministic, single chain-of-command system, it will be unworkable.  No matter how fast its processors operate, no matter how many interlocking algorithms it's running, no matter how clever its genetic machine learning might be made.

And it will fail for reasons BaltACD can enumerate in his sleep.

 

Wait and see. The profit motive has a loud voice. 

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Posted by Euclid on Sunday, December 1, 2019 9:14 PM

BaltACD
 
Euclid
 
tree68 
Euclid 
BaltACD

Euc - 

Train Dispatcher for a livng for a period of time and find out the error of your thoughts. 

The kind of railroad I am talking about doesn’t need dispatchers. 

Ever play chess? Ever have an opponent make a move that causes you to have to re-think your entire strategy?

One failure will tie up your entire automated railroad.  Dispatchers can work around that.  A computer may not be able to do so.

Dispatching is one of those disciplines where you definitely need to walk a mile in their shoes. 

It is like a chess game now, where one failure can tie up the whole railroad.  But that does not mean it has to be that way forever without changing.  If an automatic system suffers one little failure and ties up the whole railroad, that system has to be changed until it works as well as needed.  But what I am hearing is that there is some fundamental reason why this cannot move forward; and that everything that is manual has to stay that way.  It sounds like a system that actually does not want to change.  

Sure this will be complicated and costly.  I don’t have a blueprint, but I can see a process of pieces coming together.  That process has actually begun and is under way.  There is no question as to whether it can be done.  It is unstoppable because of all the motivation behind it.  Eventually this process will automate many different actions, and each one will open up new opportunities within other ones.  But I agree that when looking at it through the lens of today’s complex, labor intensive, manually controlled mass of interdependent variables, always on the verge of gridlock, makes it seem like there can be no way to improve it.  Every little improvement comes up against a million reasons why it can’t be done.  It is time to look at the big picture with an open mind. 

This thread is about automatic trains, but they will not arrive in a vacuum and thus face endless insurmountable obstacles of trying to fit into today’s railroad practice.  Instead, they will arrive in a gradual process in which the entire practice changes along with the advent of automatic trains.  It will end up being an automatic railroad that blends computer dispatching, positive train control, and automatic trainsets into a giant vending machine of transportation.

 

 

 

Each iteration of CADS that CSX has installed since the Jacksonville Operations Center was created in 1987 has contained software for 'Automatic' operation of the territories.  

More Dispatchers have been terminated because they let 'Automatic' lock their territory down.  I have no idea how much effort either CSX or USS are using to make 'Automatic' to be workable software application.  As of the time of my retirement 'Automatic' was just a trap for the unwary dispatcher.

 

Look at my quote in red.  Automation will arrive as a broad trend in a gradual process.  Labor does not want it, but management will and the vendors will make sure it happens because it is hugely in their interest.  As I said, if you drop one little bit of automation into this current operating culture, it will be sure to fail; if for no other reason than the fact that nobody in the operating culture wants it to succeed.

Big revolutionary changes are bound to have teething problems.  The mistakes made in 1987 will be lessons for how to do it better going forward.  Even one thing such as automatic trains, if started now, will be far ahead of what was avaiable when Rio Tinto began its automation.

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Posted by Overmod on Sunday, December 1, 2019 8:33 PM

BaltACD
I have no idea how much effort either CSX or USS are using to make 'Automatic' to be workable software application.

As long as it is a deterministic, single chain-of-command system, it will be unworkable.  No matter how fast its processors operate, no matter how many interlocking algorithms it's running, no matter how clever its genetic machine learning might be made.

And it will fail for reasons BaltACD can enumerate in his sleep.

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Posted by BaltACD on Sunday, December 1, 2019 8:19 PM

Euclid
 
tree68 
Euclid 
BaltACD

Euc - 

Train Dispatcher for a livng for a period of time and find out the error of your thoughts. 

The kind of railroad I am talking about doesn’t need dispatchers. 

Ever play chess? Ever have an opponent make a move that causes you to have to re-think your entire strategy?

One failure will tie up your entire automated railroad.  Dispatchers can work around that.  A computer may not be able to do so.

Dispatching is one of those disciplines where you definitely need to walk a mile in their shoes. 

It is like a chess game now, where one failure can tie up the whole railroad.  But that does not mean it has to be that way forever without changing.  If an automatic system suffers one little failure and ties up the whole railroad, that system has to be changed until it works as well as needed.  But what I am hearing is that there is some fundamental reason why this cannot move forward; and that everything that is manual has to stay that way.  It sounds like a system that actually does not want to change.  

Sure this will be complicated and costly.  I don’t have a blueprint, but I can see a process of pieces coming together.  That process has actually begun and is under way.  There is no question as to whether it can be done.  It is unstoppable because of all the motivation behind it.  Eventually this process will automate many different actions, and each one will open up new opportunities within other ones.  But I agree that when looking at it through the lens of today’s complex, labor intensive, manually controlled mass of interdependent variables, always on the verge of gridlock, makes it seem like there can be no way to improve it.  Every little improvement comes up against a million reasons why it can’t be done.  It is time to look at the big picture with an open mind. 

This thread is about automatic trains, but they will not arrive in a vacuum and thus face endless insurmountable obstacles of trying to fit into today’s railroad practice.  Instead, they will arrive in a gradual process in which the entire practice changes along with the advent of automatic trains.  It will end up being an automatic railroad that blends computer dispatching, positive train control, and automatic trainsets into a giant vending machine of transportation.

 

Each iteration of CADS that CSX has installed since the Jacksonville Operations Center was created in 1987 has contained software for 'Automatic' operation of the territories.  

More Dispatchers have been terminated because they let 'Automatic' lock their territory down.  I have no idea how much effort either CSX or USS are using to make 'Automatic' to be workable software application.  As of the time of my retirement 'Automatic' was just a trap for the unwary dispatcher.

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Posted by Euclid on Sunday, December 1, 2019 3:59 PM

 

tree68
 
Euclid

 

 
BaltACD

Euc - 

Train Dispatcher for a livng for a period of time and find out the error of your thoughts.

 

The kind of railroad I am talking about doesn’t need dispatchers.

 

 

Ever play chess? Ever have an opponent make a move that causes you to have to re-think your entire strategy?

One failure will tie up your entire automated railroad.  Dispatchers can work around that.  A computer may not be able to do so.

Dispatching is one of those disciplines where you definitely need to walk a mile in their shoes.

 

It is like a chess game now, where one failure can tie up the whole railroad.  But that does not mean it has to be that way forever without changing.  If an automatic system suffers one little failure and ties up the whole railroad, that system has to be changed until it works as well as needed.  But what I am hearing is that there is some fundamental reason why this cannot move forward; and that everything that is manual has to stay that way.  It sounds like a system that actually does not want to change.  

Sure this will be complicated and costly.  I don’t have a blueprint, but I can see a process of pieces coming together.  That process has actually begun and is under way.  There is no question as to whether it can be done.  It is unstoppable because of all the motivation behind it.  Eventually this process will automate many different actions, and each one will open up new opportunities within other ones.  But I agree that when looking at it through the lens of today’s complex, labor intensive, manually controlled mass of interdependent variables, always on the verge of gridlock, makes it seem like there can be no way to improve it.  Every little improvement comes up against a million reasons why it can’t be done.  It is time to look at the big picture with an open mind. 

This thread is about automatic trains, but they will not arrive in a vacuum and thus face endless insurmountable obstacles of trying to fit into today’s railroad practice.  Instead, they will arrive in a gradual process in which the entire practice changes along with the advent of automatic trains.  It will end up being an automatic railroad that blends computer dispatching, positive train control, and automatic trainsets into a giant vending machine of transportation.

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Posted by Overmod on Sunday, December 1, 2019 3:15 PM

Electroliner 1935
Does Amtrak get priority in that system?

As with any algorithm, you could assign any priority to Amtrak trains, with very complex sets of potential conditions -- for example, giving them high right-of-way priority in scheduling when nearly on time, but delaying them when 'out of window'. 

One of the hardest things for system dispatching to handle, historically, was accommodation of multiple-speed traffic where "absolute passenger priority" no longer made sense.  It is not 'that' great an exercise for a computer system to path 79mph service into lower-speed operations, provided the 79mph path and window can be predicted reasonably well in advance.  The problem gets much more interesting if Amtrak starts insisting on being able to run 79mph without interruption at whatever time it enters a particular lane -- still theoretically possible, but NOT if you're using some primitive system of block signaling controlled by written train orders to determine optimal movement.

The situation gets much, much more amenable to Amtrak with properly-implemented PSR, as the necessary adjustments to keep the 79mph transit clear involve relatively little change to the level of slack inherent in most "convenient" freight operation at least-cost kinetics.  However, very few people in the industry will want this to become too well known, lest the excuse for keeping Amtrak in the hole for hours become too overtly mendacious.

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Posted by tree68 on Sunday, December 1, 2019 2:53 PM

jeffhergert
Then the one from GE.  Check out the signal about 36 seconds into it.    

Interesting - and I'm no expert on signals...

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Posted by Electroliner 1935 on Sunday, December 1, 2019 1:09 PM

How does MOVEMENT PLANNER handle AMTRAK on NS? Does Amtrak get priority in that system? Does not seem like it.

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Posted by Electroliner 1935 on Sunday, December 1, 2019 1:08 PM

How does MOVEMANT PLANNER handle AMTRAK on NS? Does Amtrak get priority in that system? Does not seem like it.

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Posted by jeffhergert on Sunday, December 1, 2019 12:12 AM

tree68

 

 
Euclid

 

 
BaltACD

Euc - 

Train Dispatcher for a livng for a period of time and find out the error of your thoughts.

 

The kind of railroad I am talking about doesn’t need dispatchers.

 

 

Ever play chess? Ever have an opponent make a move that causes you to have to re-think your entire strategy?

One failure will tie up your entire automated railroad.  Dispatchers can work around that.  A computer may not be able to do so.

Dispatching is one of those disciplines where you definitely need to walk a mile in their shoes.

 

I'm sure the railroads feel that the dispatching can also be automated to the point that they only need a few people to oversee the computer as it runs the whole show.  Movement Planner, Computer Aided Dispatching etc. are out there and in use.    

 

A couple for Movement Planner used by NS.  One's an NS video, the other a GE/Wabtec video.   

First, the NS.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5IYUjAiLek 

Then the one from GE.  Check out the signal about 36 seconds into it.    

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieO29AmZ32Q 

Jeff

 

 

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Posted by tree68 on Saturday, November 30, 2019 9:24 PM

Euclid

 

 
BaltACD

Euc - 

Train Dispatcher for a livng for a period of time and find out the error of your thoughts.

 

The kind of railroad I am talking about doesn’t need dispatchers.

Ever play chess? Ever have an opponent make a move that causes you to have to re-think your entire strategy?

One failure will tie up your entire automated railroad.  Dispatchers can work around that.  A computer may not be able to do so.

Dispatching is one of those disciplines where you definitely need to walk a mile in their shoes.

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Posted by Euclid on Saturday, November 30, 2019 9:01 PM

BaltACD

Euc - 

Train Dispatcher for a livng for a period of time and find out the error of your thoughts.

 

The kind of railroad I am talking about doesn’t need dispatchers.

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Posted by BaltACD on Friday, November 29, 2019 8:13 PM

Euc - 

Train Dispatcher for a livng for a period of time and find out the error of your thoughts.

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Posted by Euclid on Friday, November 29, 2019 8:05 PM

BaltACD
Reality of any segment of track - there is a finite number of the trains that can be effectively operated - even multiple track territory has a finite capacity.

 

Isn’t the finite capacity of a track also dependent on the length of trains in addition to just the number of trains? 

I conclude that the finite capacity is basically the maximum number of cars that can be moved over the track in a given time.  The actual trains can be long or short.  When they get longer, they take more time for handling events, but they move more cars per train.  When they get shorter, the handling events take less time, but they don’t move as many cars per train. 

However, I suspect that the time spent on handling events for short trains versus long trains is not proportional to the number of cars as one might expect.  Instead, on a per car basis, the time spent for handling events for a given car will be higher for a car that moves in a long train versus moving in a short train.

In other words, if you have one smaller train with a given time of handling events being 1 hour; then with all other factors being equal, a train that is 10 times longer will have handling events totaling MORE than 10 hours.  Again, this is because on a per car basis, the handling events for a given car take more time if it is running in a long train versus running in a short train.

So the short train concept has much greater potential to move tonnage over the railroad than doses the monster train concept because the short trains offer a track velocity that is not slowed by handing events as is the case as train lengths increase.

However, in contrast to this principle, the cost of labor is higher per car with a short train than with a long train.  This is because the multiple short trains that equal one long train will each need a crew, whereas if the short trains are combined into one long train, it will only need one crew. 

So the lower cost of labor with the long train more than offsets the higher cost of handling event time with the long train.  And it then follows that if you automate the trains, the advantage shifts from the long train to the short train because automation eliminates the labor altogether, thus eliminating the labor advantage of long trains over short trains. 

Therefore, with future practice of full automation, more trains can be run closer together with less time lost to handling events, so train operations and handling potential is extended to the true maximum capacity of the track.  Then if you run the short trains head to tail, the railroad concept is like a conveyor belt filled with short, nimble trains that can operate with the closest spacing.

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Posted by BaltACD on Friday, November 29, 2019 6:13 PM

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Posted by Euclid on Sunday, November 24, 2019 4:25 PM

 COMPARING RAILROAD INDUSTRY OPERATIONAL TRENDS

 

1.   ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BRAKES

Management completely opposed

Labor neutral

 

2.   PRECISION SCHEDULED RAILROADING

Management completely favors

Labor completely opposed

 

3.   AUTOMATIC FREIGHT TRAINS

Management completely favors

Labor completely opposed

 

4.   POSITIVE TRAIN CONTROL

Management completely opposed

Labor neutral

 

5.  ONE-PERSON CREWS

Management completely favors

Labor completely opposes

 

6.  MONSTER TRAINS

Management favors, but recognizes pros and cons

Labor completely opposes

 

In this comparison, #4 (PTC) is underway because of a mandate, and will move forward with development, implementation, and upgrade indefinitely.

 

#1 (ECP BRAKES) will never be implemented unless it is part of #3 (AUTOMATIC FREIGHT TRAINS), and its wider transformation of train operation logistics.

 

#5 (ONE-PERSON CREWS) will be partly implemented as an intermediate stage leading to #3 (AUTOMATIC FREIGHT TRAINS) (see #3 below). 

This issue is directly related to #3 in that the job loss objection of #3 will not be directly argued because the safety issue will carry more weight with public opinion.  However, the safety issue favors the position of labor far more than the position of management.  This is because it is quite convincing that two people in the cab are safer than just one person.  One main point in the Labor position of this argument is that with such a large vehicle as a freight train, the cost of the second person seems irrelevant to the public. 

The only safety advantage of reducing crew size that can be cited by management is that reducing the number of people in the cab reduces distraction. 

 

#2 (PSR) is unclear as to how it works and what it accomplishes.  The Management position of favoring PSR is that it improves operating efficiency by lowering the cost of transportation.  The position opposing PSR is claimed to be that it is a disguise for the real motive of reducing capital and labor in order to increase profit for the investors at the detriment of weakening the company.

 

#3 (AUTOMATIC FREIGHT TRAINS) is a big change with the primary challenge coming from Labor under the objection that it compromises safety.  Management will adopt the counter position that it greatly enhances safety.  This dispute over adding or subtracting safety will be used as a substitute for the real issue which is implementing automating trains to eliminate crew costs.  Neither side will argue this job loss issue because the safety issue will carry more weight with public opinion and its influence on regulators who have the power to ban the use of automatic trains. 

Compared to #5, (ONE-PERSON CREWS), where the safety argument strengthens the position of Labor over Management, with #3, (AUTOMATIC TRAINS), the safety argument strengthens the positon of Management over Labor.  This is because #3, with its elimination of human workers completely eliminates the railroad fatigue problem, which is a large cost to the industry and seems to have no solution as long as humans operate trains.  

The safety risk that favors the Labor position is the lack of a person on the train to take over in case of a malfunction of the automatic system.  

One primary advantage of automatic trains is that they can be implemented gradually starting with specially selected areas having the least complications.

In addition to the debate between Labor and Management in advancing these improvements, there is also the lobbying force of the manufacturers and suppliers of equipment and technical expertise.  This force has a tremendous interest and influence on the implementation of automatic trains just as it does with PTC and ECP BRAKES, although as mentioned above ECP is a moot point unless it becomes mandated.  But the lobbying force of manufactures and suppliers will certainly be a major force in advancing the concept of automatic freight trains because it is in their financial interest.  

 

#6, the (MONSTER TRAIN) trend of increasing freight train length to unprecedented levels, is being driven only by saving crew costs by moving more tonnage with the same size crew. Just like their opposition to #3 (AUTOMATIC TRAINS) and #5, (ONE-PERSON CREWS), Labor opposes this longer train trend because it causes a reduction of jobs.

However, although Management favors this trend for its reduction of crew costs, they recognize some of its disadvantages such as the greater time and space necessary for handling these ultra-long trains in yard/terminal trackage, longer delays resulting from break downs, and risks of damage or derailments due to higher in-train forces.   

Labor opposes the longer trains due to their greater chance of derailments caused by the greater in-train forces which poses a risk to public safety and crew safety.  Labor opposition avoids the issue of job reduction caused by increasing the tonnage handled by one crew for the same reason they do not debate that issue with #2, #3, and #5.

 

#3 (automatic trains) will cancel the one advantage of #6 (monster trains) because automatic trains require no crews.  Therefore the one advantage of monster trains reducing crew size per tonnage disappears.

The abovementioned negative aspects of monster trains all diminish as trains get shorter.  So for maximum railroad fluidity, there should be a shift from monster trains to shorter trains running more frequently on closer headway.  This shift would be facilitated by #3, (AUTOMATIC FREIGHT TRAINS) eliminating the need for longer trains to reduce crew size because automatic trains do not require crews.  This opens the door to a truly new and revolutionary operating system in which PTC is blended into the AUTOMATIC TRAINS, enabling them to operate fast and at close intervals. 

Then, the shorter trains in constant use may evolve away from loose-car railroading and toward smaller, articulated trainsets.  Upon reaching that point, ECP braking may be implemented on a per-train basis where it can provide performance advantage to one train without the need to convert the entire U.S. fleet of rolling stock to ECP brakes in a short time.  So then ECP could be implemented incrementally just like automatic trains. 

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