Trains.com

Help me here NYC can do major repairs without shuting down lines but DC and elsewhere have to shut down the entire system?

7426 views
34 replies
1 rating 2 rating 3 rating 4 rating 5 rating
  • Member since
    June 2002
  • 20,096 posts
Posted by daveklepper on Sunday, July 3, 2016 1:07 AM

Updating on my suggestions to NYCTA on the 14th Street tunnel reconstruction.   Received an informative critique, and on that basis have modified to suggest the C and not the E to Canarsie, with the E running to Euclid instead of the C.  Also, instead of dividng the truncated L into three parts, have three truncated "fleeted" L trains closely spaced every 15 minutes.  The big question is whether cab signals and ATC can be installed in time between W4 and East New York via the Williamsburg Bridge and the Broadway elevated.   Will see if anything good comes of my suggestions.

RME
  • Member since
    March 2016
  • 2,073 posts
Posted by RME on Friday, June 3, 2016 7:29 AM

kgbw49
Isn't WMATA the only transit agency run by the Federal Government?

I didn't think it was.

http://www.wmata.com/about_metro/board_of_directors/ and other pages appear to indicate that the entity that runs it is separate from a United States Government agency (accountable to any branch of the Government directly, that is); the Feds even appoint only 1/3 of the directors.  In fact I had thought that one of the ongoing threats being made about the "safety" problems on the Metro was that some government agency or other was going to 'take over' and administer carefully-unspecified parts of the operation 'until safety was restored' (or the cows come home, or the double-toothpicks freeze over...)

I do not remember whether there is an equal Federal-level intervention being thought about for Atlanta, and I'm too lazy to go back and check posts here (which is where I got that hazy memory in the first place). 

Elsewhere there has, I think, been more than usual care to keep Federal control out of transit, to the extent where states form compacts to provide transit that might otherwise 'legitimately qualify' as interstate commerce (it certainly is more legitimate than the basis for concern with passengers in 'interstate commerce' that prompted the Heart of Atlanta opinions!)

  • Member since
    March 2016
  • From: Burbank IL (near Clearing)
  • 13,540 posts
Posted by CSSHEGEWISCH on Friday, June 3, 2016 7:25 AM

kgbw49

Isn't WMATA the only transit agency run by the Federal Government?

 

 
That's more of a function of geography than politics since the District of Columbia is not part of any state.
The daily commute is part of everyday life but I get two rides a day out of it. Paul
  • Member since
    January 2015
  • 2,678 posts
Posted by kgbw49 on Thursday, June 2, 2016 11:49 PM

Isn't WMATA the only transit agency run by the Federal Government?

  • Member since
    June 2002
  • 20,096 posts
Posted by daveklepper on Thursday, June 2, 2016 10:19 AM

A close friend who has better connections with the actual Subway bosses than I have, proposed a different solution.  He favored keeping one tunnel open, like I do, but his reduced service It involved taking west of Union Square on 14th Street out of service, running a basic say every quarter hour service most of the time, but then fleeting only westbound trains during the morning rush with no eastbound service and doing the reverse in the evening rush.  The two trackis west of Unions Square (yes there is a sizzors crossover arangement a U. Sq.) would store the fleet during the mid-day for the evfening rush hour.   He was tole it was a workable plan but the quality of empoloyees would not be up to it.

I disagree with that last statement, and think his plan is not workable, because the rush hour is long enough that some trains do make two trips during the rush on the L, and so a car shortage would result.  And the problem of what replaces the 14th service itself remains, with 14th Street having very heavy traffic during rush hours and the M14 bus thus very slow.  The objection raised against his plan could be waged against mine, but I am ready with an answer, Specifically, time table accuracy and response to events depends primarily on the people at the model boards at the Command Center, and they had better well be qualified to use the signal and switch controls properly to implement my plan or the TA and the City have worse problems than Sandy!

  • Member since
    August 2010
  • From: Henrico, VA
  • 8,955 posts
Posted by Firelock76 on Thursday, May 26, 2016 4:46 PM

You know, I think the wrong person's running the subway.

Don't be surprised if you get a job offer David!

  • Member since
    June 2002
  • 20,096 posts
Posted by daveklepper on Thursday, May 26, 2016 12:44 PM

REceived formletter email reply:

Recently you requested personal assistance from our on-line support center. Below is a summary of your request and our response.

 

Subject

Canarsie Tunnel Reconstruction Project

Discussion Thread

Response By Email (Fernando Polanco) (05/26/2016 12:34 PM)
This is in response to your e-mail regarding the Canarsie Tunnel Reconstruction Project on the L Line.

Thank you for your interest in MTA New York City Transit (NYCT). Please be assured that your suggestions and comments will be forwarded to the appropriate department for review and consideration.

Additional information regarding the L Line reconstruction project is available on our website. Please click this link:http://web.mta.info/sandy/rebuildingCanarsieTunnel.html 

You also have the option of signing up for our e-alerts that will provide periodic updates on the project. If you wish to sign up for this in the future, please click here: http://mta-nyc.custhelp.com/app/comments_ltrain

We look forward to serving you better now and in the future, and thank you for using our online system.
 
Regarding the 77% - 23% vote for a 1-1/2 total shutdown, what was offered was really only betwen a three-yeaqr total shutdown and one of 1-1/2 years.   Because the three-year one-tunnel-open option sated "No service between Lorimer and Beverly."  So except for Beverly patrons, the effect for anyone traveling to and from Manhattan was the same as total shutdown.  I'm surprised 23% voted for it.   May they .did not read the part about no service Beverly - Lorimer!
 
I'll keep you posted about what devfelops, to the extent that I can do so.
 
 
  • Member since
    June 2002
  • 20,096 posts
Posted by daveklepper on Wednesday, May 25, 2016 9:03 AM

Should explain, the letter was also e-mailed via the comment section of the NYCTA website's Canarsie Line Tunnel recfonstruction page. 

  • Member since
    June 2002
  • 20,096 posts
Posted by daveklepper on Wednesday, May 25, 2016 8:56 AM

I received form a reply from NYCTA already.   I honestly expect a positive reply, and would not contact the newspapers.  Indeed, my second mailing would be to Mayor de Blaso, and the Borough Presidents of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens, ---- if necessary.   Newspapers would be the last resort.

 

 

RME
  • Member since
    March 2016
  • 2,073 posts
Posted by RME on Wednesday, May 25, 2016 6:17 AM

Wait a week or two, then send a letter to the Times, Post, and Newsday that describes the idea.  Stress in the letter the importance of giving as many people as possible the idea of the changes, in the same spirit as the pamphlets or handouts you propose.

  • Member since
    June 2002
  • 20,096 posts
Posted by daveklepper on Wednesday, May 25, 2016 3:11 AM

Hard copy sent regular airmail yesterday:

דוד לויד בן יעקב יהודה קלפר, ישיבת בית אורות, שמואל בן עדיה 1, הר הזיתים, ירושלים  97400

David Lloyd ben Yaacov Yehuda Klepper, Yeshivat Beit Orot, Shmuel ben Adiya 1, Mt. of Olives, Jerusalem 97400 ISRAEL
 
 
16 Iyar 5776, 24 May 2016              Email: daveklepper@yahoo.com          15.05.16,טז' אייר תשע"ה
Ms. Veronique Hakim, Chief Executive Officer, New York City Transportation Authority
120 Livingston Street,  Brooklyn, NY 11201, U.    S.    A.
Dear Ms. Hakim,
I am writing because I am convinced that there is a better plan for coping with one L-Line tunnel out service than the plans so-far proposed. 
 
.1. Goals:
 
Preserve safe operations with good crowd control, minimum disruption to normal commuting, minimum additional car-miles, investment in any improvements to be useful after return to normal service.
 
.2.   Summary description of substitute services
 
E train diverted from World Trade Center Terminal and extended via Houston Street, "K" connector used by M Line, Williamsburg Bridge, Broadway Brooklyn Elevated local tracks, East New York Connector, to Canarsie.  R. H. headway kept at present, about 5 minutes,   Signal system Essex- East New York upgraded if necessary for 90-   second headway, 100-second operational.
 
Tunnel Shuttle 1st Avenue – Beverly Avenue, one train, every 12 minutes, operator at each end for quick reversal at each terminal.
 
Truncated L Line, East New York/Broadway Junction – Beverly Avenue.  Every 6 minutes.  Uses both tracks Lorimer- Beverly, for 12 minute dual-direction headway on each track, one track at Beverly platform shared with Tunnel Shuttle.  Safety assured both by present fail-safe signal system plus time-window (timetable) allocation to each of the two services using the sipecific platform track.
 
14th Street Shuttle, 8th – 1st Avenues, every 6 minutes.  Uses both tracks at 3rd and 1st Avenues, 12-minute dual-direction headway on each track, one track shared with Tunnel Shuttle at 1st Avenue.  Safety assured as at Beverly Avenue.
 
.3.  Modification to other services:
 
M:  Full length, every five minutes
 
Jamaica Service:   Z discontinued, all J trains express on Broadway Elevated in direction of heavy traffic, every five minutes.
 
Canal Street – World Trade Center Shuttle on northbound track replacing E service to the World Trade Center, every seven or eight minutes.
 
.4.  Supplementary buses:
 
From Lorimer and Metropolitan, "A" to Marcy and Broadway, Houston and Lafayette, 14th and 1st, 14th and 3rd, Union Square; "B" to Delancy and Essex, Canal and Broadway, Park Row and City Hall.   From Beverly Avenue "C" to Marcy and Broadway, Williamsburg  Bridge Plaza, and Delancy and Essex only.  Evening rush-hours return trips.
 
.5.  Announcements for crowd control
 
The substitute services and all points of connections with other subway and bus routs should be covered by well-distributed pamphlets.  In addition, announcements on trains should be as informative as possible.  Possibly on the Truncated L line, after leaving Graham Avenue station, riders should hear: "Service on this line is provided only as far as Beverly Avenue.  You can wait between six and twelve minutes for the tunnel shuttle, which will take you to 1st Avenue, where another change and wait will be required for further travel.  At the next station, Lorimer Avenue immediate departure buses are available for……(description of both bus lines.).   There will be some riders who opt for the Tunnel Shuttle, and for those who change their minds at Beverly, as well as to assist the Transit Police in controlling any crowding that occurs, buses will be available there as well.
 
.6.   Advantages over earlier proposals:
 
Canarsie riders retain one-seat ride to Manhattan, with all L Line stations reached by direct service (8th Avenue) or one change.  3rd and 1st Avenue riders may wish to ride the E and change once to the 14th Street shuttle, minimizing use of the Tunnel Shuttle.  Except for these two stations, total additional travel time will not exceed 15 minutes.  6th Avenue, change to M at same platform at Broadway-Myrtle or get an instantaneous connection at lower level at West 4th Street.  Union Square, the 6 at Houston-Lafayette, or the 5 at Livonia.
 
Other riders have the choice of the Tunnel Shuttle with two changes (one change for 1srt Avenue) or use of the G-to-the A and C at Lorimer, M at Myrtle and Wycoff or the A, C, E, and J services at Broadway Junction – East New York.  ` This will minimize crowding on the Tunnel Shuttle, while minimizing the time of the shuttle's crowding, and still preserving connectivity with one tunnel out-of-service.
 
The value of the 14th Street crosstown service for local riders and those transferring to and from north-south Manhattan subway and bus lines will be preserved.  This is very important, considering the heavy traffic on 14th Street and the low commercial speed of the M14 bus.
 
.7.  Just possibly, the extension of the E to East New York should be permanent, and in the future the E can provide Ozone Park branch service as one branch and Richmond Hill as another..  And eventually there should be an outer Queens "crosstown" service from Kew Gardens to Rockaway Park via the LIRR RoW, possibly as an extension of the R Line.
 
I hope this recommendation will receive serious consideration.  I am certain any objections can be answered and resolved.  It will assure continued overall growth of the City's transit ridership while the important Sandy mitigation repair work is underway.
 
Best wishes and all possible respect,
 
 

 

David Lloyd Klepper, student of the Yeshiva, former President of Klepper Marshall King Associates, White Plains, NY, SB, MIT '53,SM, MIT '57, USA Army veteran
Amap is available in GEF format by return mail to those contacting me at
Your comments appreciated
  • Member since
    June 2002
  • 20,096 posts
Posted by daveklepper on Friday, May 20, 2016 9:31 AM

Riding the subway every day during the 1970's, I can assure you the crises was not that bad.  Fortunaely, the system had been bujilt to such high standards that even deferred maintenance did not stop the trainis from running.  And before the city took the IRT and BMT systems over, maintenance on the BMT was as high a standard as one could wish, but the IRT was in bankrupcy and did just what was needed to keep things running.  The service was generally reliable.  Today, in Jerusalem, I could use that reliability for our bus system.  Not entirely the bus system's fault, traffic problems, incidents, etc.  The light rail runs more reliably, but it also has had outages or partial outages.  In the 1970's, Metro North and its predessor operation under Conrail, had problems more often than the subway system, stemming from the PC days.  A number of times, say about four during the entire decade. returning from my office near the White Plains North Statiop, we unloaded at Wakefield, and walked over to the Gund HIll Road Station to catch the 2 or 5 sbuway train to comploete oiur journey to Manhattan.  And one morning one of my two partners picked me up at the 241wst Street White Plains Rd.  (Av.) tp drove tje wokl.   In the 80's and up to the time I left in 1996, Metro North, as well as the subway, got lots and lots better.

  • Member since
    May 2013
  • 3,231 posts
Posted by NorthWest on Thursday, May 19, 2016 11:36 PM

After the 1980s (except for Sandy, which wasn't their fault), the NYC Subway has been steadily improving and returning to a state of good repair. Metro has done the opposite.

  • Member since
    September 2008
  • 1,112 posts
Posted by aegrotatio on Thursday, May 19, 2016 11:05 PM

NorthWest

Well, part of it is that the NYC Subway has actually kept up with maintenence the last 20 years, unlike METRO...

 

 

That's not really true in the broader perspective.  Sure, you can say New York's MTA has kept up in only the last 20 years, but the reality is that the New York City Subway was falling apart for decades due to deferred maintenance and other problems decades before the City took it over.  Hardly anything was rehabilitated since the IND system was developed.

 

In the 1970s the system was in a crisis.  It was literally falling apart and catching fire all day every day.  It was orders of magnitude worse than the DC Metro.  After the NYC financial crisis was mostly resolved the MTA started on a rebuilding program that is still going on today, over 45 years later.

 

 

 

  • Member since
    May 2003
  • From: US
  • 25,292 posts
Posted by BaltACD on Tuesday, May 17, 2016 9:26 PM

Never too old to have a happy childhood!

              

  • Member since
    June 2002
  • 20,096 posts
Posted by daveklepper on Monday, May 16, 2016 3:59 AM

I am routing the following suggested plan through a friend in the NYC area who has done consulting for the TA on several projects and supervised construction on several.  I hope he likes my plan and forwards it with whatever changes he thinks desirable.  Meqnwhile, all of you you can comment on what you think.

Proposed 14th Street – Canarsie L – Line Service during East River Tunnel Reconstruction
 
.1. Goals:
 
Preserve safe operations, Minimum disruption to normal commuting, minimum additional car-miles, investment in any improvements to be useful after return to normal service.
 
.2.   Description of substitute services
 
E train diverted from World Trade Center Terminal and extended via Houston Street, "K" connector used by M Line, Williamsburg Bridge, Broadway Brooklyn Elevated local tracks, East New York Connector, to Canarsie.  R. H. headway kept at present, about 5 minutes,   Signal system Essex- East New York upgraded if necessary for 90-   second headway, 100-second operational.
 
Tunnel Shuttle 1st Avenue – Beverly Avenue, one train, every 12 minutes, operator at each end for quick reversal at each terminal.
 
Truncated L Line, East New York/Broadway Junction – Beverly Avenue.  Every 6 minutes, operators drop back one headway at Beverly Avenue to permit quick reversal.
 
14th Street Shuttle, 8th – 1st Avenues, every 6 minutes, operators drop back one headway at 1st Avenue to permit quick reversal.
 
.3.  Modification to other services:
 
M:  Full length, every five minutes
 
Jamaica Service:   Z discontinued, all J trains express on Broadway Elevated in direction of heavy traffic, every five minutes.
 
Canal Street – World Trade Center Shuttle on northbound track replacing E service to the World Trade Center, every seven or eight minutes.
 
.4.   Advantages over earlier proposals:
 
Canarsie riders retain one-seat ride to Manhattan, with all L Line stations reached by direct service (8th Avenue) or one change.  3rd and 1st Avenue riders may wish to ride the E and change once to the 14th Street shuttle, minimizing use of the Tunnel Shuttle.  Except for these two stations, total additional travel time will not exceed 15 minutes.  6th Avenue, change to M at same platform at Broadway-Myrtle or get an instantaneous connection at lower level at West 4th Street.  Union Square, the 6 at Houston-Lafayette.
 
Other riders have the choice of the Tunnel Shuttle with two changes (one change for 1srt Avenue) or use of the G-to-A at Lorimer, M at Myrtle and Wycoff or the A, C, E, and J services at Broadway Junction – East New York.  ` This will minimize crowding on the Tunnel Shuttle, while minimizing the time of the shuttle's  crowding, and still preserving connectivity with one tunnel out-of-service.
 
The value of the 14th Street crosstown service for local riders and those transferring to and from north-south subway and bus lines will be preserved.  This is importantm considering the heavy traffic on 14th Street and the low commercial speed of the M14 bus.
 

 

.5.  The extension of the E to East New York should be permanent, and in the future the E can provide the Ozone Park branch service (off the Jamaica Elevaed at 111 St. on the old LIRR RoW.).
  • Member since
    February 2011
  • 117 posts
Posted by sandyhookken on Sunday, May 15, 2016 12:26 PM

The NYCTA has released a very informative video about the repairs needed on the L Train Canarsie Tunnels and the service options.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gt_JloKcE7s

 

  • Member since
    July 2006
  • From: North Dakota
  • 9,592 posts
Posted by BroadwayLion on Saturday, May 14, 2016 9:45 AM

CandOforprogress2

Cleveland DC and Baltimore have to shut down there metros for weeks when they need a major repair but NYC can replace tracks while the system is moving. DC needs to contract with NYC for repairs. DC has grown post metro from 600,000 people in 1970 to a Metropoliton Area of 5 Million in 2010.

 

 

This all depends on WHAT work needs to be done. Working on power feeders or sighanls could very well shut the whole thing down. Tracks can be worked on in between trains, and if a rail is out it will tale less than a half an hour to fix it. Trains can be routed via diferent lines. If an 8th Avenue local track is out, trains can run express or they can run via 6th Avenue. (F) trains have been known to run via the (GG) line if something is amiss on 6th Avenue.

The Sandy Tunnels are a case apart, If you have to do that much work, you do have to close the tunnel and just do the work, maybe 18 month or more.

They did this with the Montague Tunnel, but only the (R) train was really affected by that, at night it could run over the bridge, in the day time, it could short turn at Whatehall in Manhattan, and southbound at come conveinent station in Brooklyn.

Throguh riders would likely switch to the IRT for stops in lower manhattan, passengers for Midtown would have already switched to one of the Bridge lines at DeKalb or at Atlantic.

Systems without geographic redundancy are freash out of luck.

 

ROAR

The Route of the Broadway Lion The Largest Subway Layout in North Dakota.

Here there be cats.                                LIONS with CAMERAS

  • Member since
    August 2010
  • From: Henrico, VA
  • 8,955 posts
Posted by Firelock76 on Friday, May 13, 2016 5:36 PM

A friend of mine from high school who wound up working in DC back in the 70's told me the REAL reason they built the Metro was to get the crime off the streets and put it underground.

No, he didn't like DC, AT ALL.

Me, I've always liked Washington, a great walking city with lots to see and do, but then, I don't live there.

  • Member since
    May 2013
  • 3,231 posts
Posted by NorthWest on Friday, May 13, 2016 5:14 PM

Well, part of it is that the NYC Subway has actually kept up with maintenence the last 20 years, unlike METRO...

  • Member since
    September 2008
  • 1,112 posts
Posted by aegrotatio on Friday, May 13, 2016 1:36 PM

When I used to visit New York City in the 1990s, the entire express section of the Flushing Queens Boulevard Line was shut down for rebuilding for almost a decade.  The E train was reintroduced as an express.

 

One of the lines over the Manhattan Bridge was shutdown for over a decade, too.

 

So, yes, NYC does shut down entire lines, though the Queens Boulevard Line was a four-track line with only two tracks out of service, the local is extremely slow, almost as slow as single-tracking on the Washington Metro.

 

The Manhattan Bridge rebuild project shut down and rerouted about a half dozen lines.

  • Member since
    July 2006
  • From: North Dakota
  • 9,592 posts
Posted by BroadwayLion on Sunday, April 24, 2016 3:17 PM

CandOforprogress2

 

 
Firelock76

Well, what can we say?  Along with their cops and firefighters, New York's got the best transit people in the world.

Mind you, I mean no insult to any of the others by that statement.

 

 

 

That is New York Vaules

 

 

 

YUP... NYCT has four track trunks in Manhattan, and even so it is also very fleixble, If something is closed, things can be re routed one line via another route.

Besides, the last time I looked, the also had LIONS in their subways.

ROAR

The Route of the Broadway Lion The Largest Subway Layout in North Dakota.

Here there be cats.                                LIONS with CAMERAS

  • Member since
    March 2016
  • 1,568 posts
Posted by CandOforprogress2 on Thursday, April 21, 2016 5:32 PM

Firelock76

Well, what can we say?  Along with their cops and firefighters, New York's got the best transit people in the world.

Mind you, I mean no insult to any of the others by that statement.

 

That is New York Vaules

  • Member since
    March 2016
  • From: Burbank IL (near Clearing)
  • 13,540 posts
Posted by CSSHEGEWISCH on Thursday, April 21, 2016 9:58 AM

CandOforprogress2

With the exception of the North Shore Skokie line when it parreled the Red Line in the north there is not a a express track. However this does not prevent single bi directional tracking

 

 
Single-tracking on a rapid transit operation is not practical due to the frequency of trains.  CTA operating rules do provide for single-track operation around a temporary blockage but it is manually controlled and requires an extra number of supervisory personnel for its implementation.
The daily commute is part of everyday life but I get two rides a day out of it. Paul
  • Member since
    June 2002
  • 20,096 posts
Posted by daveklepper on Wednesday, April 6, 2016 3:58 AM

Apoologies for not being more specific.  By "L" line, I was not referring to the CTA, but New York's old No. 16 14th Street Canarsie line. which is two tracks all the way, and where Sandy damage still requires repair in its tunnel under the East River.  Passengers from Myrtle Avneue station and east to Canarsie will probably all still be handled by all-railrouting to Manhattan, via the existing J, Z, and M lines.  And there may be 14th Street shuttle run only in Manhattan.  But that still leaves a few stations without rail sevice that may need bus connections to existing services.

Regarding the CTA, portions of the route shared by Howard Street north-south and Evanston Express, and for a part, Ravenswood, do have four tracks and some major repair and maintenance is possible without complete shutdown.  Part of the southern portion of Lake-Engnlewood/Jackson Park has three tracks.  The other redundancy is N - S either via the Loop or via the State St. subway.  But that is all.

  • Member since
    March 2016
  • 1,568 posts
Posted by CandOforprogress2 on Tuesday, April 5, 2016 11:06 AM

With the exception of the North Shore Skokie line when it parreled the Red Line in the north there is not a a express track. However this does not prevent single bi directional tracking

  • Member since
    June 2002
  • 20,096 posts
Posted by daveklepper on Monday, April 4, 2016 4:47 AM

Connecting the complex of lines around DeKalb Avenue (three lines to Coney Island and one to Fort Hamilton) with Manhattan, one can use the north side of the Manhattan Bridge, the south side, or the Montague Street Tunnel.   During bridge repairs, one pair of transit tracks on the bridge was shut down, then the other side, and after Sandy, the tunnel.  These were all about half-year closings.  There is enough reduncancy in the NY system so that what would be a massive shut-down in another city, requiring bus shuttles, can be handled keeping rail connections in New Yorik.   There are other examples.

The "L" line shutdown may require some shuttle busses however.

  • Member since
    June 2015
  • 43 posts
Posted by phkmn2000 on Sunday, April 3, 2016 3:40 PM
Correct on the CTA. A bus service was substituted for the duration.
  • Member since
    May 2003
  • From: US
  • 25,292 posts
Posted by BaltACD on Saturday, April 2, 2016 1:52 PM

On my last trip to Road America in 2013, the CTA line that runs between the lanes of I-94 on the Southside of Chicago was shut down for major maintenance.  I believe it was shut down for several months.

Never too old to have a happy childhood!

              

Join our Community!

Our community is FREE to join. To participate you must either login or register for an account.

Search the Community

Newsletter Sign-Up

By signing up you may also receive occasional reader surveys and special offers from Trains magazine.Please view our privacy policy