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[quote user="RDG467"] The Budd cars (ex-SEPTA, nee PRR 244 & 248) were modified with crash energy management "systems", which appear consist mostly of plating over the end door openings to make the carbody more uniform.[/quote] The Figure 1 shows the CEM frame at the left end. The type of CEM construction is better visible in Figure 3 on page 2 of the following link: <a href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/9504/dot_9504_DS1.pdf">https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/9504/dot_9504_DS1.pdf?</a> [quote user="RDG467"]Conclusion was that the FEA model was very reliable in predicting the behaviour of the carbodies, although not 100% accurate in predicting where buckling would occur. [/quote] FEA models can only be accurate if you insert all the material weaknesses at the right location. That is almost impossible. Perhaps i don't understand you correctly but you can't compare the tests with accident cars. In the tests the load was applied at 4 point, 2 near the roof and 2 on the frame where the CEM frame was applied. Regards, Volker
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