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Milwaukee Road vs. Rock Island grading and engineering

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Posted by jeffhergert on Sunday, November 27, 2022 2:03 PM

The 1940 time table shows 50 mph for passenger trains, 35 mph for freight trains.

In 1940 the line was still listed as a "main line." There was a daily passenger train, listed as a passenger "motor" which is one of the gas electric cars.  There was a daily except Sunday second class freight train.  These trains ran through Estherville, the freight trains to/from at least Silvis, the passenger trains at least to/from Cedar Rapids.

There was also a daily except Sunday local that worked into Sioux Falls, Mon, Wed, Fri and worked out of SF Tue, Thurs and Sat. 

Here's an on-line copy of the last ETT to show the line intact to Sioux Falls.  1972-01-01CRIP_DesMoines1-Moore.pdf (wx4.org)  It still shows 35 mph for all trains, although by that date I would bet there were a lot of temporary speed restrictions.  Trains weren't scheduled and passenger service was a memory. 

It also shows in the subdivision special instructions all trains to run 10 mph within the city limits of Sioux Falls.  The 1940 ETT may show the same, probably does, but the 1940 one has the subdivision special instructions in another section of the time table.

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Posted by jeffhergert on Thursday, November 24, 2022 4:58 AM

timz

You're talking about the path that runs north from

https://goo.gl/maps/R6u5ED82JzbyAfgr5 ?

That path isn't on the Rock roadbed -- it's less than 70 feet from the MILW track, and the Rock wasn't that close.

No railroad that aspired to run more than 2 mph would climb 13.5 feet in 750 feet, then level for 500 ft, then descend 11 ft in 500 ft.

I don't know the Rock Island well enough to find its speed limit to Sioux Falls, but wx4.org likely has an employee timetable from the good old days.

https://wx4.org/to/foam/maps/and_timetables.html

(Actually, a quick look there wasn't enough to find the right timetable. Anyone got one?)

 

 

I have a couple from the 1940s and the last one that still showed the line to Sioux Falls, Jan 1 1972.  I won't be home until sometime Friday.

In the mean time, here's a pdf of a train dispatcher's sheet with the Sioux Falls line on it from 1913.  (I have one from June of 1912.)  You can get a feel for the running times on the line. CRI&P Dakota Division 3-28-1913 (wordpress.com)

Jeff

 

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Posted by tree68 on Wednesday, November 23, 2022 9:02 PM

Historicaerials has topo maps of the area from 1964 and 1972, plus some later.  Might prove useful.

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Posted by wjstix on Wednesday, November 23, 2022 4:14 PM

I wouldn't think it would be that hard to find a map of the area in question from about 1970 to see how it actually was. You might find something online, or at a local historical society. 

Old maps of Sioux Falls (oldmapsonline.org)

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Posted by timz on Wednesday, November 23, 2022 12:57 PM

The new highway has a cut

https://goo.gl/maps/BEmDQE3aD7b1GJWV6

The highway is wider than the RR so needed to enlarge the cut -- maybe raising the highway made the cut cheaper.

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Posted by Murphy Siding on Wednesday, November 23, 2022 12:47 PM

timz

You're talking about the path that runs north from

https://goo.gl/maps/R6u5ED82JzbyAfgr5 ?

That path isn't on the Rock roadbed -- it's less than 70 feet from the MILW track, and the Rock wasn't that close.

No railroad that aspired to run more than 2 mph would climb 13.5 feet in 750 feet, then level for 500 ft, then descend 11 ft in 500 ft.

I don't know the Rock Island well enough to find its speed limit to Sioux Falls, but wx4.org likely has an employee timetable from the good old days.

https://wx4.org/to/foam/maps/and_timetables.html

(Actually, a quick look there wasn't enough to find the right timetable. Anyone got one?)

 

 

You're probably right and the RI track was a little further east. It would have been on the same hill, with the same topography. The city bought the ROW and built a 4-lane street through there. I can't picture that they would add the hill.

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Posted by timz on Wednesday, November 23, 2022 12:08 PM

You're talking about the path that runs north from

https://goo.gl/maps/R6u5ED82JzbyAfgr5 ?

That path isn't on the Rock roadbed -- it's less than 70 feet from the MILW track, and the Rock wasn't that close.

No railroad that aspired to run more than 2 mph would climb 13.5 feet in 750 feet, then level for 500 ft, then descend 11 ft in 500 ft.

I don't know the Rock Island well enough to find its speed limit to Sioux Falls, but wx4.org likely has an employee timetable from the good old days.

https://wx4.org/to/foam/maps/and_timetables.html

(Actually, a quick look there wasn't enough to find the right timetable. Anyone got one?)

 

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Posted by BaltACD on Tuesday, November 22, 2022 11:03 PM

Murphy Siding
 
Overmod

Tad over 1.8% grade. 

Now I'm intrigued. I did some ballparking and I figure a spot on the line looks like this: up for about 750 feet @ 1.8%,then flat for about 500 feet, followed by back down about 500 feet @2.2%. 

Let's say a Rock Island train was headed down this track around 1970. It would have probably been a mixed local with a variety of cars, but not too long. Power would have been a jeep or two and it would have had a caboose. How would the engineer have handled this portion of track? Plodding along, losing speed up the hill and picking up speed going down? Giving it the gas approaching the hill so as not to lose speed? Or maybe doing nothing special because it's not much of a hill?

Was slack action much different in 1970 than today?

Slack action is always a consideration in train handling, no matter how long the train is - ESPECIALLY if there is a Caboose that is occupied.  Slack action CAN cause employees on the Caboose to be thrown around within the car and in some cases thrown off the caboose.

Not being a Engineer by trade, I won't comment on the 'tricks of the trade' that a Engineer uses to get their train over such territory SAFELY.  The tricks of the trade will be centered upon controlling the slack in the train.

Bad engineers can easily throw a man riding the side of a car off the car with slack action.

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Posted by Murphy Siding on Tuesday, November 22, 2022 10:26 PM

Overmod

Tad over 1.8% grade.

 

Now I'm intrigued. I did some ballparking and I figure a spot on the line looks like this: up for about 750 feet @ 1.8%,then flat for about 500 feet, followed by back down about 500 feet @2.2%.

 

Let's say a Rock Island train was headed down this track around 1970. It would have probably been a mixed local with a variety of cars, but not too long. Power would have been a jeep or two and it would have had a caboose. How would the engineer have handled this portion of track? Plodding along, losing speed up the hill and picking up speed going down? Giving it the gas approaching the hill so as not to lose speed? Or maybe doing nothing special because it's not much of a hill?

Was slack action much different in 1970 than today?

Thanks to Chris / CopCarSS for my avatar.

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Posted by Overmod on Friday, November 18, 2022 10:36 PM

Tad over 1.8% grade.

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Posted by Murphy Siding on Friday, November 18, 2022 10:09 PM

Overmod

Unless I've forgotten, 12' in ½ mile is less than a 0.5% grade.  The ex-Southern line from Memphis to Chattanooga, which sees many heavy trains a day, has grades of this magnitude.  The ex-Erie mainline had stretches of 'sawtooth' 1% on the Western end.

On the other hand, I'd expect that much of the early B&O would likely be built on the same principle as the contemporary British railroads, carefully avoiding grade changes but using potentially sharp curves in the process.

 

so I did some further research. Best estimate is that at on one section of the trail, the track rises about 14 feet in 762 feet of run.

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Posted by jeffhergert on Wednesday, November 16, 2022 9:03 PM

Most of the railroads, at least in much of the midwest and wesrern US were built toward the cheap and quick side.  The main routes were upgraded, including total line changes in the 20th century, and improvements continue to this day.  PSR permitting.

All the major trunk lines that crossed Iowa were no exceptions.  The ex-CNW (UP) has at least 5 locations where, if you know where to look, where the alignment was leveled off and straightened out when the line was double tracked in the early 1900s.

Had Sioux Falls developed into a major point on the RI, either has a terminal or intermediate point, the line probably would've been improved.  Since it didn't , the improvements never came.

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Posted by Overmod on Wednesday, November 16, 2022 8:52 AM

Unless I've forgotten, 12' in ½ mile is less than a 0.5% grade.  The ex-Southern line from Memphis to Chattanooga, which sees many heavy trains a day, has grades of this magnitude.  The ex-Erie mainline had stretches of 'sawtooth' 1% on the Western end.

On the other hand, I'd expect that much of the early B&O would likely be built on the same principle as the contemporary British railroads, carefully avoiding grade changes but using potentially sharp curves in the process.

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Posted by Murphy Siding on Tuesday, November 15, 2022 5:35 PM

wjstix

 

 

 

 

 
Murphy Siding
For example, in a half mile stretch the Rock Island ROW rises and then drops 12 feet.

 

The fact that those dips are there now in the bike path doesn't necessarily mean they were there when it was a railroad line.

 

I kinda disagree with you there. I've seen old maps and photos of the line. Taking that and some of the remaining ROW into account, I'd say the railroad followed the topography of the area. The city bought the ROW in the 70s and cut a 4 lane street in next to the line that is now the bike trail. The street and the trail have the same ups and downs.

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Posted by BaltACD on Tuesday, November 15, 2022 4:41 PM

wjstix
...
Murphy Siding
For example, in a half mile stretch the Rock Island ROW rises and then drops 12 feet. 

The fact that those dips are there now in the bike path doesn't necessarily mean they were there when it was a railroad line.

Carriers, without a proper financial footing and capitalization, tended to build their tracks on the lay of the land, rolling through hills and valleys.  It costs money to do grading and put trackage on a steady footing - making a cut through a hillock and filling the dale.

Growing up around the B&O, I notice early on that trackage was construted on a steady line.  When I got down to Jacksonville and viewed how the CSX tracks around the city took the lay of the land over hill and dale.  Such construction was indicative of Southern railroading eminating from the Civil War era where the North was a industrial area that was investing heavily into railroads and manufacturing.  The South by contrast was agrarian in nature and was continually searching for someone to invest in their plantations and railroads.

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Posted by wjstix on Tuesday, November 15, 2022 2:31 PM

Wood - particularly if it's been creosoted - that's completely buried in the ground is going to be around for a long, long time...like hundreds of years long. It's wood exposed to the elements that's going to rot. That's why you paint your house, to protect it from sun, rain, heat, cold, wind. A lot of what destroys exposed wood is temperature shifts - water seeps into the wood from rain then freezes when it gets cold, cracking the wood and allowing more moisture and air inside. Wood that's underground is in an environment with a very stable temperature and humidity, and little access to air. It can almost be like it's sealed in.

Murphy Siding
I find this a little bit troubling, as I'd always heard that the Rock Island line was a mighty good road.

That line from the old song has more to do with the Rock Island being one of the few railroads that would hire railroaders fired from other railroads for participating in the Pullman Strike of 1894. It wasn't an accurate reporting of the quality of the railroad, which was often struggling financially due to it's tendency to be the last railroad to reach a city, usually by the most roundabout route possible.

Murphy Siding
For example, in a half mile stretch the Rock Island ROW rises and then drops 12 feet.

The fact that those dips are there now in the bike path doesn't necessarily mean they were there when it was a railroad line.

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Posted by Erik_Mag on Monday, November 14, 2022 10:07 PM

With respect to filling in wood trestles, the following data on shrinkage in fills was taken from the 1924 Edition of the Electric Railway Handbook. The two scenarios are "raising under traffic" and "trestle filling".

Soil type      Raising    Trestle

Black dirt      5%          15%
Clay             5%           10%
Sand            5%            6%

With respect to wood rotting when buried in soil - I've seen telephone poles stand for decodes, albeit they are treated with creosote. The same handbook mention above stated that placing concrete against a wood pole at the ground line does measurably extend the life of the  pole. Note that this was when untreated wood was still commonly used for electric railway work.

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Posted by MidlandMike on Monday, November 14, 2022 8:46 PM

Of course when the fill is pressing down on itself it helps if there is a solid base pushing back up.  Also its not helpful when the fill is waterlogged making the vertical component of force go horizontal.

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Posted by mudchicken on Monday, November 14, 2022 8:30 PM

MidlandMike

One thing I don't think I've seen mentioned is that the weight of fill will compact the fill below it depending on the density of the fill material.

 

to a degree and then you hope the bottom doesn't blow out like the SP across the Great Salt Lake or the massive ballast pockets on the IC in Louisiana

The generation of field engineers and soils engineers prior to Peltier and I in Diningcar's early years did yeoman work in re-writing our understanding of soils under railroad loading.

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Posted by MidlandMike on Monday, November 14, 2022 8:20 PM

One thing I don't think I've seen mentioned is that the weight of fill will compact the fill below it depending on the density of the fill material.

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Posted by mudchicken on Monday, November 14, 2022 10:59 AM

Building structures and fills on reed or wooden mats was common in the 18 and early 1900's. It would remain stable as long as you kept the mats from being exposed to air or fresh running water (air entrainment)... There are major bridges and piers/bents in multiple places crossing rivers that are still very structurally sound.

As soil mechanics and loads changed, the method has gone away.

It was also common in large civil projects to build temporary track or build temporary very narrow gauge railroad to move fill material and stone on worksites. Very rickety, but still got the job done.

Mudchicken Nothing is worth taking the risk of losing a life over. Come home tonight in the same condition that you left home this morning in. Safety begins with ME.... cinscocom-west
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Posted by Convicted One on Monday, November 14, 2022 10:55 AM

I'll tell ya what I've REALLY taken away from this conversation.  When I originally put in those raised flowerbeds using stairstepped surplus crossties, and all my "well meaning" critics pointed out that the ties were sure to rot, I should have just countered with "and by that time my son will be big enough to replace them"...and just left it at that. Wink

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Posted by Convicted One on Monday, November 14, 2022 10:50 AM

Overmod
There seems to be an idea in some posters' minds that wood surrounded by fill will rot and disappear in a few years, just as it would if exposed on the surface, and consequently there would be piling-sized voids into which the fill would collapse.

Personally, I suspect the rot would be random, uneven, and nonpredictable. 

And, much like Neil Young's rust...eternal. Pirate

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Posted by Overmod on Monday, November 14, 2022 10:21 AM

I'm not a civil engineer, so fact-check anything I say.

There seems to be an idea in some posters' minds that wood surrounded by fill will rot and disappear in a few years, just as it would if exposed on the surface, and consequently there would be piling-sized voids into which the fill would collapse.  I'd suggest that considerable mass would remain, and that it would have some compressive strength against the fill even if it ceased bearing the load of the track.

A very common approach I see to 'new' fills in general construction is to build them up substantially above finish grade, then leave enough time for natural compaction to develop.  Interestingly, although I have seen use of sheepsfoot rollers (like those on excavators in landfills) in road subgrade compaction, I have not seen them used on top of these oversized fills, which may add some emphasis to Euclid's opinion about overcompaction of the upper part of a fill.

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Posted by Convicted One on Monday, November 14, 2022 10:07 AM

Euclid
I had assumed that the image you showed was the completed project.  Apparently that is not the case.  So, is this an illustration that you have composed showing the work in progress before it was finished?   From your last comment above, I assume that the image does not show the finished work, since you say the entire space below the top of the timbers was filled.

 

I'm sorry that I was not more clear about that.   My sketch was just intended to show the basic style of the trestle in the "work in progress" photo that I found. Since I do not own the rights to the photo, can't post it here, so I drew the sketch.

In the actual photo,  the work progresses over approx 100 running feet with a dirt fill operation followed by a ballasting operation. And that was just more detail than I felt like drawing... Perhaps a total of 5 linear miles of grade separation  raised in this way

When  the dirt fill was in progress, it appears that they stacked oblong blocks, similar in appearence to parking lot bumpers, along the edges of the trestle to shape the fill against.  Since  covered or replaced with poured cement in most areas.

 

Thing about the actual photo, for years I had assumed that the "trestle" shown in the picture was just temporary false work. And not until this thread did I really notice that they were pouring the dirt right in around the wood.

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Posted by CSSHEGEWISCH on Monday, November 14, 2022 10:06 AM

I've adapted to the computer since it has helped my accuracy at work.  My prior experience of having to do many of the same calculations manually in the past is an asset since I often have a good idea of what should be coming out of the computer.  The problem lies with the younger employees who never seem to grasp GIGO (garbage in, garbage out) and assume that the output will always be correct.

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Posted by SD60MAC9500 on Monday, November 14, 2022 9:12 AM
 

diningcar

Murphy, I was 28 in 1960 and would work for Santa Fe until 1990 when I was offered a buyout that was so good, I could not refuse. But I would do it all again if I were young once more.

 

Diningcar. I'll have to give you your props for being 90, or 91? Using a PC. You're a rare breed, and to the others on here with many years behind them. I can't even count on my hands the number of boomers who came after you. That refused to adapt and use computers..

 
 
Rahhhhhhhhh!!!!
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Posted by Euclid on Monday, November 14, 2022 7:10 AM

Convicted One

 

 
Euclid
I assume that this visible part of the trestle has never been filled

 

In this case it was completely filled, and ballasted. Variously shored up with concrete retaining walls in some areas, oblong blocks in others, as well as just sloped fill with grass planted on it in yet others.

Obviously we've got a "57 varieties" collection of opinion, as to what is proper.  So much for consistency. Wink

 

I had assumed that the image you showed was the completed project.  Apparently that is not the case.  So, is this an illustration that you have composed showing the work in progress before it was finished?
 
From your last comment above, I assume that the image does not show the finished work, since you say the entire space below the top of the timbers was filled.
 
So, they built the trestle by driving 14” square timbers to create the bents, and then they capped the bents with 14” square timbers.  Then they ran timber stringers across the bents, as is typical.  Then they filled the remaining space between the ground elevation shown in your illustration, up to the top of the trestle.  And this work was all done in this modern era [in reviewing what you said earler, I see this work was done in 1911 as opposed to the last few years].
 
In that case, I would assume that the point of the timbers was not just to bridge over low ground as is typical, but rather, it was done as a case of using driven pilings to create a foundation of support for the railroad.  The reason would be to achieve load bearing ability over soft ground that runs too deep to perform soil correction.
 
In other words, this is a timber pile permanet foundation built over soft ground that would not offer enough support.  So the timber piles are driven down to reach bedrock; or they are driven down to the point of refusal.  In either case, the railroad was laid right on top of the trestle stringers, so the trestle is supporting the entire load as a permanent foundation.  The ground is supporting only its weight.
 
The trestle does not need any cross bracing because because the piling will be will be prevented from tilting by the fill around them.  And I am sure that fill was compacted according to modern practices.  But when finished, the fill is only floating on top of relatively poor material that cannot take the weight of trains or other traffic. 
 
If the bad soil had extended down only say 1-20 feet below the original ground, they would have probably removed it and replaced it with suitable fill material such as gravel. 
 
So this would be a foundation similar to what was used to support the Millennium Tower building in San Francisco.  Except there were apparently some mistakes made in building that project.  In that case, the pilings were only driven to the point of refusal, and not to the point of reaching bedrock.  That would be okay, but apparently they slightly misjudged the actual support provided by the pilings.
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Posted by Convicted One on Monday, November 14, 2022 12:25 AM

Euclid
I assume that this visible part of the trestle has never been filled

In this case it was completely filled, and ballasted. Variously shored up with concrete retaining walls in some areas, oblong blocks in others, as well as just sloped fill with grass planted on it in yet others.

Obviously we've got a "57 varieties" collection of opinion, as to what is proper.  So much for consistency. Wink

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