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Regarding Vandy vs. Rectangular, some later Vandy designs evolved into what's called the water bottom tender. The bottom retains the cylindrical shape, while the sides are flattened, and sometimes extended straight up to, or slighly curved into the top. Maybe someone can explain how these are braced. <br /> <br />UP tenders went through this evolution, those used on the early Mountains and 2-10-2's were traditional Vandys. The 4-12-2's had a full width, though still circular tank. The early Challengers and Northerns had flattened-side tanks, but still used 6 wheel trucks, while the later Challenger and Big Boy tanks were straight almost to the top, but needed the Centipede wheel arrangement to carry the load. <br /> <br />Regarding the coal portion being higher, UP and some other roads added coal boards to increase the capacity. Big Boys often had these. One reason may have been that many UP tenders were designed for either coal or oil. A seperate oil tank could be fitted inside the coal bunker space using an overhead crane. The oil plus extra steel would be quite a bit heavier than coal, so when coal was used coal boards were added. A number of Challengers and Northerns were converted back and forth to oil during coal strikes, other locos operated as oil burners when assigned to the west coast, but were converted to coal when they were re-assigned. 844 operated both ways at different times. 3985 may have as well, but probably with a 3700 series number.
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