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[quote user="RDG467"]Interesting video. I believe you'd agree that this is not *completely* representative of real life, because the structures on the table did not have any foundations, they merely sat on the soil's surface. [/quote] Sure I agree. Therefore I wrote of a laboratory video. The soil is encased in a box, therefore the water has no way to exit to the side accelerating the liquefaction. The missing foundation don't have any influence on the process. [quote user="RDG467"]Plus, the shaking force was parallel to the ground surface, not perpendicular, as would occur under the relatively low-frequency cyclical loading of a unit oil train. Which is mostly absorbed by the wooden ties and ballast anyhow. [/quote] The effect would have been the same with vertically oriented vibrations. Horizontal vibrations are only easier to generate in laboratory. Here is a homemade video showing the liquefaction caused by vertical shocks: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_aIm5oi5eA">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_aIm5oi5eA</a> And here is another video that had already been linked showing how easy liquefaction is caused under special circumstances: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rd6W2aP2dkA">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rd6W2aP2dkA</a> The last time I stood beside the track on Tehachapi the earth shook and the vibrations showed in the video. The camera stood on a tripod about 15 ft off the track. Again, there are many possible causes for the derailment and I don't rule out Liquefaction. Regards, Volker
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