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<p>I'm always surprised how easily people pick on Euclid's post just because he is Euclid but not willing to contribute anything and hide behind excuses. If someone acuses someone else of writing garbage he should proof/explain it. Otherwise I can't take this person seriously.</p> <p>I find it totally okay that someone offers an opinion though he is not sure of all detail or even might have some wrong. No better way to learn if others help out. That is one of the reason for discussions</p> <p>To Euclid's uncertainty: Soil liquefaction needs vibrations.</p> <p>For all I post a link to the website of the Institute of Geotechnical Engineering at the Technical University Dresden Germany with an explanition what happens inside the soil during liquefaction: <a href="https://tu-dresden.de/bu/bauingenieurwesen/geotechnik/forschung/forschungsfelder/bodenverfluessigung?set_language=de">https://tu-dresden.de/bu/bauingenieurwesen/geotechnik/forschung/forschungsfelder/bodenverfluessigung?set_language=de</a></p> <p>Though there is a link to change to English this is not available. I tried to translate it:</p> <p></p> <div style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><strong><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Soil Liquefaction</span></strong></div> <div style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div> <div style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Loosely supported soils tend to a reduction of the volume of the soil when shear loads are applied. When this soil volume is water saturated, i.e. the pore space is filled with water, this water would like to escape from the soil volume during a load, thereby shrinking the soil volume. However, if the load is so fast that the water cannot escape during this time or if it is prevented from flowing out, a pressure is created in the pore water. This causes the grains to be pushed apart and thus reduce the contact surfaces between the soil grains and also the grain contact forces. As the pressure in the pore water increases, the contact between the soil grains is lost and the soil behaves like a fluid - it liquefies.</span></div> <div style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> <a href="https://tu-dresden.de/bu/bauingenieurwesen/geotechnik/ressourcen/bilder/forschung/forschungsfelder/bodenverfluessigung/Porenwasserdruck.jpg/@@images/f4b0f964-8a9b-4103-825f-36a81a93360a.jpeg">https://tu-dresden.de/bu/bauingenieurwesen/geotechnik/ressourcen/bilder/forschung/forschungsfelder/bodenverfluessigung/Porenwasserdruck.jpg/@@images/f4b0f964-8a9b-4103-825f-36a81a93360a.jpeg</a> picture from article<br /></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family:arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;">Such soil liquefaction may, for example, occur during an earthquake. If the soil consists of a coarse-grained material from which water can escape quickly, liquefaction can be prevented. The Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, investigated the use of e.g. ballast columns as a measure to prevent soil liquefaction.<br />Regards, Volker<br /></span></div>
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