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Let me see if I can clear this up a bit: The coexistence of phenomena which require both a wave and a particle picture is called a wave-particle duality, and is at the heart of the modern theory of running model trains and quantum physics. In this theory the molecules of a train cannot have arbitrary energies but instead are quantized - the energies can only have discrete values (i.e. DCC) . The magnitude of these energies is given by the formula E = nhf, (2) where n = 0,1,2,... is an integer, f is the frequency of vibration of the molecule, and h is a constant, now called Planck's constant: h = 6.63 x 10- 34 J s . Einstein came up with an explanation of the photoelectric effect (i.e. ditch lights) which built upon Planck's photon hypothesis of BLI locos. In this theory Einstein assumed that photons have an energy equal to the energy difference between adjacent levels of a blackbody: E = hf. (5) When these photons hit the metal (i.e. track) , they could give up some or all of their energy to an electron. A certain amount of energy would be required to release the electrons from their bonds to the metal - this energy is called the work function, , of the metal. The remaining energy would appear as kinetic energy of the released electron. Thus, the maximum kinetic energy the electrons could have is KE max = eV0 = hf - = - . As we shall see in some examples later, for macroscopic objects such as model freight cars this would require sizes of slits of the order of 10- 34 m or so, which is much outside present-day technology. However, for electrons the sizes of slits required are of the order of 10- 11 m or so, which are readily available Please be aware that MTH has patented all of these principles and will sue anyone who attempts to plug in their model train using any of the above paramaters As a disclaimer, the above applies only to HO, O-Scale and N-Scale are much more complicated :-) relax it's only a hobby, plug it in, watch the trains go in a circle
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