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Hello WPYR221, Mark's given good formulas. For example, if the rise is 3" over 10 feet, you divide 3" by 120" (convert the run to the same increment as the rise) to figure a gradient of 2.5 percent. You can also multiply: a run of 10 feet using an 11 percent grade gives a rise of 13.2" (120" x 11 percent = 13.2"). Using a 4 percent grade, a run of 10 feet is 120" x 4 percent = a rise of 4.8". Remember to provide sufficient clearance where tracks pass over one another. The NRMA (<a href="http://www.nmra.org">www.nrma.org</a>) has printable standards and recommended practices for minimum clearances. Paul Schmidt Contributing Editor Trains.com
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