I'm new here. I just started looking up facts and stuff a couple of months ago, and am just returning to MRR after a 50 year hiatus. Forgive me if I make errors in citing facts, but I think I have this all correct.
BTW: my love for my first HO locomotive purchase, a Rivarossi 2-8-8-2 that I bought with yard care money I'd saved up when I was 11, is what kept the spark of MRR alive in me all of these decades, to return me to the hobby once again. I have a very definite bias for the NW's "Chesapeake". Also, the C&O ran through my backyard in Northville, Michigan, so I also have a bias for Chessie's "Allegheny". That said...
Growing up just 30 minutes from Dearborn and Greenfield Village/ Henry Ford Museum, I visited the great Allegheny C&O beast on inumerable occasions. The pilot was to me the most awesome vantage, there is simply nothing else like it ever built. Like looking up at an eagle’s nest, atop a mountain peak.
When living in the WDC area in the late 80's into the early 90's I very much enjoyed viewing the B&O Museum's example 2-6-6-6 since it was outdoors and you could get a much better overview and perspective of it. I also visited the 4-8-8-4 Big Boy in Cheyenne in 1981 during a visit to my brother's place out there, so have first-hand experience with being in the presence of two of the three top locomotives ever built, missing only the Y6b N&W 2-8-8-2 which could outgun anything while still being the most miserly in fuel consumption. However, I came close. I did get to personally enjoy a NS 2-6-6-2 running out of Alexandria, VA heading south on a commemorative run in the early 90's! THAT was an experience, let me tell you.
The Y6b N&W, that last iteration of brute, eastern, steam power, could come very close in keeping up with the Big Boy at speed, yet pulled an unmatched 152,000 pounds tractive, far outstripping the much heavier Alco beasties by some 12%.
If it comes to a bet, all-in-all my money would be on the 2-6-6-6 with it's 7,500 HP and 67" drivers, which makes the 5600 HP on 68" drivers of Big Boy pale by comparison no matter what else you crunch for numbers. The craftsmanship of Lima was excellent, as was Alco, Baldwin and NW. There is no real argument that the Lima and other locos could ever not keep up to the Alcos in running gear and hence speed.
Any thought of locos being purpose built and therefore limited to their home tracks is, well, nonsense. How many hundreds of the N&W designed 2-8-8-2 Chesapeakes were built not just by N&W, but by many other works as USRA’s for western roads, southern roads, eastern and northern roads?
Here's how it shakes out.
2-6-6-6: Most powerful at 7,498 HP, definitely makes this the #1 loco ever built. But with only 110,000 lbs tractive effort, it falls behind both Big Boy and Chessie. Huge drivers yield excellent top-end performance though, and for top speed+ raw power nothing can beat it. With 65 built, it ranks #2 for success.
2-8-8-2: #1 Most successful by far and away, only the 2-6-6-2 can give it a run in this category for articulateds, and it was the most universally used of our top three, with something like 200+ built. #1 in pulling power @ 152,000 lbs tractive force simple (45 MPH) and 5600 HP, and 110,00 compound (25 MPH) 5200 HP. My personal favorite, it was the slowest - even in simple - of the three with its 58" drivers.
4-8-8-4: Only 20 built, so the least commercially successful of the top three. It may have used more fuel than even the Allegheny, and definitely far more than the Chesapeakes. Impressive tractive effort gives it the #2 spot at 135,000 lbs, but only 5300 HP means it would definitely run out of "gas" well before the Allegheny at higher speeds, and falls behind both the Chesapeake as well as the Allegheny in combined tractive effort and HP. Although Big Boy earns lower rankings in every category it has somehow captured the attention and imagination of rail fans everywhere, and is arguably the most beautifully designed loco of the top three. It gets a #1 crowd pleaser honorable mention.
Back to discussing running locos east AND west. 2-8-8-2's could and did run east and west, very successfully. The same 2-8-8-4's were run by B&O as well as NP, and SP in end-swapped cab fwds.
By the time N&W had perfected the Chesapeake class Y 2-8-8-2's to beat out the Alco Big Boys, diesel was already replacing them; and there was no need to ever run the incredible Allegheny, a 1948 design, either. There simply wasn't enough traffic demand after the war out west to justify adding another type to the articulated rosters out there.