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Legislating Amtrak to Spend on the Northeast Corridor

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Posted by PJS1 on Wednesday, June 1, 2016 4:36 PM

In 2015 salaries, wages, and benefits were 49.6 per cent of Amtrak's consolidated operating expenses and 67.8 per cent of its consolidated operating revenues.

For CSX compensation and benefits were 37.3 per cent of consolidated operating expenses and 26.7 per cent of consolidated revenues.  For UP compensation and benefits were 33.3 per cent of consolidated operating expenses and 22.5 per cent of consolidated operating revenues. 

The financial statements don't show what percentage of salary, wage, and benefits expense is attributable to overtime.

The numbers for the other freight carriers are probably similar to those for CSX and UP.  There may be some category definition issues between the companies, but the accounting would be comparable.

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Posted by PJS1 on Wednesday, June 1, 2016 8:36 PM

Since this thread is about the NEC, it seems like a good opportunity to slip in some analytics regarding the NEC.

From FY10 to FY15 Northeast Corridor (NEC) trains generated a net contribution before capital charges of $1,851 million.  Its trains carried 67,447,166 passengers.  It has shown a year over year improvement in practically every financial category.
 
The Acela was the NEC’s star performer.  Annual revenues increased 33.2 per cent.  Operating costs before OPEBS declined 5.1 per cent, and OPEBS expenses declined 71.8 per cent.  The Acela’s contribution before capital charges increased from $106 million to $287.9 million, an increase of 186.2 per cent. The contribution per passenger mile before capital charges increased from 29.1 cents to 49.5 cents, an increase of 70.3 per cent.
 
Over the six year period the Acela’s carried an average of 30.2 per cent of NEC passengers.  Acela riders increased 7.9 per cent.  The average load factor increased from 60 per cent to 63 per cent, an increase of 5 per cent.
 
Annual revenues for the regional trains increased 34.8 per cent. Operating costs before OPEBS declined 5.2 per cent, and OPEBS expenses declined 73.5 per cent. The regional’s contribution before capital charges increased from a loss of $48.9 million to an operating profit of $175.2 million, an increase of 458.3 per cent. The contribution per passenger mile before capital charges increased from a loss of 2.4 cents to a profit of 13.6 cents, an increase of 402.2 per cent.
 
The regionals carried an average of 69.7 per cent of the NEC passengers.  The number of annual riders on the regional trains increased from 7.1 million to 8.2 million, an increase of 14.9 per cent.  The average load factor increased from 44.4 per cent to 50.7 per cent, an increase of 14.2 per cent.
 
The special trains carried less than 1/10 of one per cent of the passengers.  Their financial impact was negligible.
 
The Acela’s pulled in 48.8 per cent of the revenues, while carrying 30.2 per cent of the passengers, and chalked up 71.2 per cent of the contributions before capital charges.  The regional trains, which carried 69.7 per cent of the passengers, generated 51.1 per cent of the revenues and accounted for 29 per cent of the contributions before capital charges. 
 
The results described above are before capital charges, i.e. depreciation, interest, etc.  Amtrak does not allocate these charges by service line and route.  However, for grins, assuming 80 per cent of the capital charges are allocated to the NEC, which appears to be Amtrak’s largest capital spend, the total capital charges would have been $4,355 million, which would have resulted in a NEC loss of $2,504 million for the six year period.
 
But the results got better year over year.  If allocating 80 per cent of the capital charges to the NEC is correct, the fully allocated loss of $514 million in FY10 had been cut to $256 million by FY15 or from an average of $4.95 per passenger in FY10 to an average of $2.19 per passenger in FY15. 
 
With some relatively minor fare adjustments, as well as cost reductions, the NEC appears to be on the verge, at least under current spends, to breakeven on a fully allocated basis.

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Posted by schlimm on Wednesday, June 1, 2016 9:26 PM

Thank you for the interesting figures. It shows if quality, semi-HSR service is provided, the public will pay a premium for it. But the speculative percentage of 80% is probably too high.

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Posted by MidlandMike on Wednesday, June 1, 2016 10:36 PM

JPS1

In 2015 salaries, wages, and benefits were 49.6 per cent of Amtrak's consolidated operating expenses and 67.8 per cent of its consolidated operating revenues.

For CSX compensation and benefits were 37.3 per cent of consolidated operating expenses and 26.7 per cent of consolidated revenues.  For UP compensation and benefits were 33.3 per cent of consolidated operating expenses and 22.5 per cent of consolidated operating revenues. 

The financial statements don't show what percentage of salary, wage, and benefits expense is attributable to overtime.

The numbers for the other freight carriers are probably similar to those for CSX and UP.  There may be some category definition issues between the companies, but the accounting would be comparable.

 

I fail to see any labor cost correlation between a 2 person freight crew hauling 100 cars, vs., an Amtrak LD train with a dozen crew members.  As far as overtime goes, when ATK's trains are running hours late (often by causes beyond their control) what is the mystery.

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Posted by PJS1 on Wednesday, June 1, 2016 11:09 PM

MidlandMike
JPS1

In 2015 salaries, wages, and benefits were 49.6 per cent of Amtrak's consolidated operating expenses and 67.8 per cent of its consolidated operating revenues.

For CSX compensation and benefits were 37.3 per cent of consolidated operating expenses and 26.7 per cent of consolidated revenues.  For UP compensation and benefits were 33.3 per cent of consolidated operating expenses and 22.5 per cent of consolidated operating revenues. 

The financial statements don't show what percentage of salary, wage, and benefits expense is attributable to overtime.

The numbers for the other freight carriers are probably similar to those for CSX and UP.  There may be some category definition issues between the companies, but the accounting would be comparable.

I fail to see any labor cost correlation between a 2 person freight crew hauling 100 cars, vs., an Amtrak LD train with a dozen crew members.  As far as overtime goes, when ATK's trains are running hours late (often by causes beyond their control) what is the mystery.

No correlation was intended.  The figures show that passenger trains, especially the long distance ones, are labor intensive. 

The number of workers required for a NEC or California corrider train, as examples, is considerably less than the long distance trains.  Moreover, given their better on-time performance, primarily because of the shorter distances covered, they require less over time and away from home quartering expense.

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Posted by schlimm on Thursday, June 2, 2016 10:32 AM

JPS1
No correlation was intended.  The figures show that passenger trains, especially the long distance ones, are labor intensive.  The number of workers required for a NEC or California corrider train, as examples, is considerably less than the long distance trains.  Moreover, given their better on-time performance, primarily because of the shorter distances covered, they require less over time and away from home quartering expense.

And that is strong evidence of why short corridor segments are much more efficient than stringing several togther into an LD train route.  Eg.: the CZ. Better if shorter corridors, such as CHI-Omaha; Omaha-DEN; SLC-DEN run separately.  There could be services during the hours passngers want, trains would be more likely to be on-time and labor costs would be far less than long, sleep-equipped LD trains.

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Posted by schlimm on Thursday, June 2, 2016 10:43 AM

JPS1:  What's your accounting opinion of the restructuring?

FRA account structure

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Posted by CMStPnP on Thursday, June 2, 2016 10:58 AM

Victrola1

The Transportation, Housing and Urban Development and Related Agencies appropriations bill passed by the Senate last week includes a measure that would require Amtrak to spend profits from its Acela and Northeast Regional service on critical capital and safety improvement projects in the Northeast Corridor (NEC).

The bill calls for $1.42 billion for Amtrak, a $30 million increase from last year's spending bill. That amount would include $345 million for a new NEC account and $1.075 billion for Amtrak's national network, according to a press release issued by U.S. Sen. Chris Murphy's (D-Conn.) office.    

http://www.progressiverailroading.com/amtrak/news/Legislation-would-require-Amtrak-to-spend-NEC-profits-on-the-corridor--48345

What are the implications of this bill should it pass and become law?

Ahhh, the Northeast again.   Demanding all profits Amtrak makes in the NEC be spent in the NEC but at the same time refusing to pay what Amtrak asks it to......

http://www.universalhub.com/2016/mbta-sues-amtrak-derail-29-million-demand-running

I personally do not care about the provision that NEC profits are spent on NEC projects.    However, I must strenously insist that each NE Commutter line pay fair and reasonable costs to Amtrak for running their trains and until that happens the NEC will continue to be a financial basket case.

 

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Posted by PJS1 on Thursday, June 2, 2016 2:17 PM

Here are some additional compensation and benefits statistics from carriers that haul people. 

For Southwest Airlines compensation and benefits in 2015 were 40.6 per cent of consolidated operating expenses and 32.2 per cent of consolidated revenues. For Jet Blue the figures were 29.6 per cent and 24.0 per cent.  For Megabus, which is owned by StageCoach Group, the figures were 40.1 per cent and 37.6 per cent.

For VIARail the numbers were 41.9 per cent and 91.5 per cent. 

Commercial airlines and intercity bus operators deliver a different service than a passenger train.  They have different labor contracts. 

Cross border comparisons are difficult.  The U.S. includes in compensation and benefits costs items that in many other countries are paid for by taxes.  Health insurance is the biggest example that I can think of now.

Amtrak's on-board employees appear to be paid more than comparable employees for the carriers that they are competing with. 

A waiter, or any other Amtrak on board service employee, received an average wage of $25.54 per hour in 2012.  The total cost, including benefits and employer paid taxes, was $41.19 per hour according to the Office of Inspector General.

Clearly, to get a better understanding of the comparative labor costs, as well as the numerous other factors the impact Amtrak's cost structure, one would need to spend a great deal of time pulling the numbers together.  And be able to understand what she or he is reading. 

The fact that Amtrak's compensation and benefits expenses consume a high percentage of its revenues and expenses should be an indicator for management to take a serious look at the root causes.  If Amtrak were privatized, which I favor, it would be compelled to get a better handle on its costs.

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Posted by MidlandMike on Thursday, June 2, 2016 3:19 PM

schlimm

 

 
JPS1
No correlation was intended.  The figures show that passenger trains, especially the long distance ones, are labor intensive.  The number of workers required for a NEC or California corrider train, as examples, is considerably less than the long distance trains.  Moreover, given their better on-time performance, primarily because of the shorter distances covered, they require less over time and away from home quartering expense.

 

And that is strong evidence of why short corridor segments are much more efficient than stringing several togther into an LD train route.  Eg.: the CZ. Better if shorter corridors, such as CHI-Omaha; Omaha-DEN; SLC-DEN run separately.  There could be services during the hours passngers want, trains would be more likely to be on-time and labor costs would be far less than long, sleep-equipped LD trains.

 

Corridor only trains may be more efficient in a physical sense, but I wonder if average travelers would find them always useful.  As a railfan, I would love the Zephyr route broken down into daylight segments, provided there were station attached hotels (like in Canada.)  I get to see the railroad and scenery by day, and then get a good nights sleep in a bed on solid ground.  However, I don't know how many average passengers want to take 2 days to Denver and 3 to SLC.  Amtrak wanted to start a corridor train to Omaha, via Quad Cities/Des Moines, but Iowa was not interested.  I also doubt Nebraska would support a corridor thru their state.

 

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Posted by MidlandMike on Thursday, June 2, 2016 5:13 PM

JPS1

Here are some additional compensation and benefits statistics from carriers that haul people. 

For Southwest Airlines compensation and benefits in 2015 were 40.6 per cent of consolidated operating expenses and 32.2 per cent of consolidated revenues. For Jet Blue the figures were 29.6 per cent and 24.0 per cent.  For Megabus, which is owned by StageCoach Group, the figures were 40.1 per cent and 37.6 per cent.

For VIARail the numbers were 41.9 per cent and 91.5 per cent. 

Commercial airlines and intercity bus operators deliver a different service than a passenger train.  They have different labor contracts. 

Cross border comparisons are difficult.  The U.S. includes in compensation and benefits costs items that in many other countries are paid for by taxes.  Health insurance is the biggest example that I can think of now.

Amtrak's on-board employees appear to be paid more than comparable employees for the carriers that they are competing with. 

A waiter, or any other Amtrak on board service employee, received an average wage of $25.54 per hour in 2012.  The total cost, including benefits and employer paid taxes, was $41.19 per hour according to the Office of Inspector General.

Clearly, to get a better understanding of the comparative labor costs, as well as the numerous other factors the impact Amtrak's cost structure, one would need to spend a great deal of time pulling the numbers together.  And be able to understand what she or he is reading. 

The fact that Amtrak's compensation and benefits expenses consume a high percentage of its revenues and expenses should be an indicator for management to take a serious look at the root causes.  If Amtrak were privatized, which I favor, it would be compelled to get a better handle on its costs.

 

Southwest and Jet Blue are discount airlines, and you would need to also consider legacy airlines for an average.  Rather than that, I looked at Bureau of Labor Statistics wage tables:

http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm#53-0000

Airline pilots annual wage= $ 136,400,     Flight attendant= $ 46,750

They did not give hourly wages apparently because of seasonality/part time.

Bus drivers, intercity= $ 19.31/hr,  $ 40,160/year

Locomotive engineers= $ 28,54/hr,  $ 59,360/year

Rail transportation workers= $ 27.52/hr,  $ 57,230/year

An ATK onboard service worker earns about $5,000/year less than the average railroad worker, and $5,000 more than a (part seasonal?) flight attendant, $10,000 more than a bus driver, and way way less than an airline pilot.  So it puts the ATK onboard worker in the middle.

Comparing ATK's compensation percent of costs with other forms of transportation, ignores other costs of doing business among the various modes.  Airlines pay so much for fuel, that Delta bought their own refinery.  I agree that to understand what is going on here, one would need to spend a great deal of time pulling numbers together.  It kind of takes the fun out of railfaning.

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Posted by schlimm on Thursday, June 2, 2016 5:48 PM

MidlandMike
Corridor only trains may be more efficient in a physical sense, but I wonder if average travelers would find them always useful.  As a railfan, I would love the Zephyr route broken down into daylight segments, provided there were station attached hotels (like in Canada.)  I get to see the railroad and scenery by day, and then get a good nights sleep in a bed on solid ground.  However, I don't know how many average passengers want to take 2 days to Denver and 3 to SLC.  Amtrak wanted to start a corridor train to Omaha, via Quad Cities/Des Moines, but Iowa was not interested.  I also doubt Nebraska would support a corridor thru their state.

Several posters in the past have contended that the western LD ridership is not primarily between the endpoints, but rather the intermediate cities.  Amtrak is not there for railfans.  If NB or CO or IA or UT do not want to pay for services but their citizens want it, then they can exert pressure at the ballot box.  If they do not, let the CZ die an unmourned death, except for a few thousand railfans.

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Posted by CMStPnP on Thursday, June 2, 2016 5:53 PM

MidlandMike
Locomotive engineers= $ 28,54/hr,  $ 59,360/year

I am not a Locomotive Engineer but are you sure that is correct?    I would tend to think 70k / year.     I thought Senior Amtrak Engineers make over 6 digits.     Am I wrong here?

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Posted by MidlandMike on Thursday, June 2, 2016 6:36 PM

CMStPnP

 

 
MidlandMike
Locomotive engineers= $ 28,54/hr,  $ 59,360/year

 

I am not a Locomotive Engineer but are you sure that is correct?    I would tend to think 70k / year.     I thought Senior Amtrak Engineers make over 6 digits.     Am I wrong here?

 

I thought it should have been higher also, but the above figure is what BLS said.  This may be a problem with averages for statistics.  If you average $70,000 for class I engineers with those on the extra board and short line engineers, maybe $60,000 is a good average.

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Posted by MidlandMike on Thursday, June 2, 2016 7:04 PM

schlimm

 

Several posters in the past have contended that the western LD ridership is not primarily between the endpoints, but rather the intermediate cities.  Amtrak is not there for railfans.  If NB or CO or IA or UT do not want to pay for services but their citizens want it, then they can exert pressure at the ballot box.  If they do not, let the CZ die an unmourned death, except for a few thousand railfans.

 

Railfans are not the majority of the average passengers I was talking about.  Most voters don't seem to even want to raise their gas taxes to fix the crumbling roads, so what is the chance they will support corridor trains?  Only a handful of states support rail service.  A Balkanized/disconnected rail service would be too weak to be effective.

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Posted by Philly Amtrak Fan on Thursday, June 2, 2016 7:43 PM

schlimm

 

 
MidlandMike
Corridor only trains may be more efficient in a physical sense, but I wonder if average travelers would find them always useful.  As a railfan, I would love the Zephyr route broken down into daylight segments, provided there were station attached hotels (like in Canada.)  I get to see the railroad and scenery by day, and then get a good nights sleep in a bed on solid ground.  However, I don't know how many average passengers want to take 2 days to Denver and 3 to SLC.  Amtrak wanted to start a corridor train to Omaha, via Quad Cities/Des Moines, but Iowa was not interested.  I also doubt Nebraska would support a corridor thru their state.

 

Several posters in the past have contended that the western LD ridership is not primarily between the endpoints, but rather the intermediate cities.  Amtrak is not there for railfans.  If NB or CO or IA or UT do not want to pay for services but their citizens want it, then they can exert pressure at the ballot box.  If they do not, let the CZ die an unmourned death, except for a few thousand railfans.

 

I think some LD routes should be federally funded but others should require state support to continue to run. I'm not sure the CZ should be one of the ones that should require state funding because there are five fairly large markets (Chicago, Denver, Salt Lake City, Sacramento, and San Francisco Bay Area) along the route and if the CZ went away Denver and SLC would have no service at all. If I had to axe a western LD train, I'd say Empire Builder and run corridor service between Chicago, Milwaukee, and Minneapolis and between Seattle/Portland and Spokane. In between Minneapolis and Spokane are there any major cities? But the EB does have good ridership and revenue, more than the California trains. 

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Posted by Deggesty on Thursday, June 2, 2016 7:43 PM

MidlandMike

 

 
schlimm

 

Several posters in the past have contended that the western LD ridership is not primarily between the endpoints, but rather the intermediate cities.  Amtrak is not there for railfans.  If NB or CO or IA or UT do not want to pay for services but their citizens want it, then they can exert pressure at the ballot box.  If they do not, let the CZ die an unmourned death, except for a few thousand railfans.

 

 

 

Railfans are not the majority of the average passengers I was talking about.  Most voters don't seem to even want to raise their gas taxes to fix the crumbling roads, so what is the chance they will support corridor trains?  Only a handful of states support rail service.  A Balkanized/disconnected rail service would be too weak to be effective.

 

And, some who drive all-electric carsdo not want to pay anything to maintain the streets and highways they use. I have read at least one letter to the editor wherein the writer thought that he should not have to pay for the wear and tear that his vehicle put on the roadway. I wonder: did he think that by not adding to air pollution where he drove excusd him from paying to maintain the roadway?

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Posted by PJS1 on Thursday, June 2, 2016 8:13 PM

We could argue about the statistics until the cows come home.  A phrase that reveals my dairy farm upbringing!

Amtrak's labor costs appear to be high for a variety of reasons.  If it were privatized and forced to compete on a level playing field with alternative service providers, it would need to do a better job of managing its personnel costs.

This is true whether we are talking about the NEC or any segment of passenger rail in the U.S.

Rio Grande Valley, CFI,CFII

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