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A few remarks: The CSX train hasn't been an unmovable concrete wall. Its movement of 15' as well as the damage to the CSX lead unit has dissipated part of the crash energy. On the Amtrak train locomotive as well as cars used up energy as the broken car shows. In European passenger trains all cars have their own crumple zones. The first unit has to dissipate 75% of the crash energy the remaining cars 25% of the total of 6MJ. Besides using up the crash energy the CEM elements must be designed to limit the average deceleration in the cab to 5g and the maximum to 7.5g. Regards, Volker
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