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I think Europe and the USA had different intentions when introducing emission standard. The EPA and CARB wanted clean air therefore the emphasis NOx and PM regulations. In Europe the regulations were introduce to reduce CO2 in the first place. Germany had a goal to reduce the CO2 output from 1990 to 2020 by 40%. We are at 28% now. Making diesel fuel cheaper by reducing taxes was one component to propagate the more fuel-efficient diesel engines to reach the CO2 reduction. The PM limits have been tightened in the EU for all gasoline powered cars built in 2018. The PM limit stays the same but Partikel Numbers (PN) were reduced by a factor of 100. GDI engines might need a PM filter. On the other hand the manufacturers might try to find solutions within the engine. Regards, Volker
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