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[quote user="erikem"]I recall reading that EMD units were specifically design to buckle right behind the cabs to absorb energy. The 1961 Trains article about testing the SP K-M on Semmering garde stated that the AAR had a requirement for buff strength with limits on permanent deflections in the frame.[/quote] Following your hint, I checked "Southern Pacific & The KM Hydraulics". You are right. On page 37 is a short passage about the underframe stating that the underframe "must be capable of withstanding a compression pressure of 1,000,000 lbs imposed longitudinally on buffer faces without permanent deformation". Was this a requirement just for a foreign locomotive or a general practice? If the latter how does your information about buckling by design of EMD frames fit into the picture? Between the buff load requirement for passenger cars and AAR's S-580-1989 seems to be a large gap regarding locomotives. But then there is the requirement for the SP KM's underframe. Regards, Volker
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