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Re-use of wooden ties: Not desirable because they are not only treated with creosote but have collected a lot of weed killer chemicals over the years (20-30). Therefore they are good in landscaping at keeping the weeds and flowers down as Debby had already discovered. Also not desirable to be handled by unprotected humans. If one burns stuff like creosote and weed killer at low temperatures you will get dioxin from incomplete combustion. Only fairly high temperatures like those present in power plants are able to crack everything down to basically carbon dioxide and water. The other matter like fluor and chlorine have to be filtered out from the gases and ashes. In Germany there are only concrete or steel ties used nowadays for the reasons already mentioned. High speed lines even use continuous concrete beds to control movement of track to within 0.01". The rails are fastened to the ties with spring clamps or screws. http://gleisbau-welt.de/grafix/bilder/gleisbau/feste_fahrbahn/feste_fahrbahn_atd.jpg Longer page about the different kinds of rigid railbedding: http://www.walter-heilit-vwb.de/engli***ransportation/railroad_o.htm The steel ties are not what was used 40 years ago. The consist basically of two I-beams forming a V-section. http://gleisbau-welt.de/grafix/bilder/material/schwellen/y_stahlschwelle.jpg Example of new and old concrete ties: http://www.tram-kassel.de/rtn/bau-ltb/20040901/lossebruecke_waldhof040901_02.jpg Manfred
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