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[quote user="Paul_D_North_Jr"]That's basically what I was trying to say, simplified for the readership here. [/quote][quote user="Paul_D_North_Jr"]That's basically what I was trying to say, simplified for the readership here. [/quote] Perhaps it was so simplified that I misunderstood. For me it sounded like making a balanced dimensioning (concrete and steel fail simultaniously) and than taking out an amount of steel. After looking in internet I think I understand. It get if technical but I'll try to keep it simple. Concrete dimensioning is not straightforward. There are more unknowns than equations so you have to make assumptions leading to more than one balanced condition between external loads and internal force from steel and concrete. Making the right assumptions leads to a dimensioning that guarantees that the steel fails before the concrete  ---> under-reinforced. It is a balanced condition without compromising the safety. I said we don't know it in Europe. That is true for Eurocode. The UK had it in BS 8110. In Eurocode and DIN stards the under-reinforced design is implemented as standard into the dimensioning system without naming it. How crack wigth control influences this I can't say. To stay within crack width limits you have to use smaler bars or lower steel stresses ( more steel) Here is a comparison of ACI, BS, and EN standards: <a href="https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=10136">https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=10136</a> I hope I got it correctly now. Regards, Volker
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