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In general terms (there are many, many, many variables involved): Almost all covered hoppers constructed since 1970 are 263,000 lb. gross weight, 100-ton nominal capacity cars, and since 1995 are 286,000 lb. gross weight, 110-ton nominal capacity. Cubic feet varies according to the commodity expected to be loaded into the car. Two-bay covered hoppers are small cube used for cement, granite chips, and other dense minerals. Three-bay are medium cube used for grain, fertilizer, potash, and the like. The standard 100-ton wheat car is a 4750 cubic foot car, whereas a 110-ton corn car is a 5161 cubic foot car (corn isn't as dense as wheat). Four-bay used to only be high cube used for lightweight plastic pellets, but now four-bay cars are specified by some owners for grain and fertilizer, too. Some manufacturers find it less expensive to build a ribbed, flat-sided car. Others prefer to build a ribless, curved-side car. It really doesn't matter much to the railroad; it's the price that counts.
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